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[hal-04661694] The use of computed tomography for in vivo estimation of reticulo-rumen and omasum contents in Alpine goats
Precise in vivo measurement of reticulo-rumen content (volume and mass) is required for the study of digestive processes. Rumen-cannulated animals have been classically used for this purpose, and less invasive alternatives are currently investigated to meet the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) ethical considerations in animal science. The objective was to compare in vivo reticulo-rumen and omasum volumes assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan with postmortem measurement of their respective digesta masses in dairy goats. Twenty Alpine dairy goats were scanned by CT, and the volumes of the reticulo-rumen and omasum were measured by CT image postprocessing. Goats were slaughtered immediately after CT scan and the masses of reticulo-rumen and omasum digesta were measured. Simple linear regressions were performed between volumes measured in vivo by CT and the corresponding digesta wet masses measured postmortem. Reticulo-rumen and omasum volumes determined by CT were significantly and linearly regressed against the corresponding digesta masses measured postmortem (R2 = 0.72 and 0.87, residual standard deviation = 1.18 and 0.06 kg, and residual coefficient of variation = 11% and 12%, n = 20 and 19, respectively). The use of CT is a promising noninvasive method to measure volume and estimate digesta masses of reticulo-rumen and omasum in small ruminants.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (J.A.A. Pires) 25 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04661694
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[hal-04618232] Association between body condition profiles, milk production and reproduction performance in Holstein and Normande cows
Body-condition dynamics are known to affect the different steps of reproduction in cattle (cyclicity, estrus expression, fertilization, embryo development). This has led to a widespread idea that there is an ideal-target optimal body condition, but no clear profile has yet been identified. Here we investigated the relationships between body condition score (BCS) profiles and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Data were from Holstein or Normande herds in 6 French experimental farms. In the Holstein breed, we discriminated 4 BCS profiles based on combining BCS at calving (Low: around 2.6 points, or High: around 3.3 points) with BCS loss after calving (Moderate (M): ≤ 1.0 points, or Severe (S): > 1.0 points). The Low-M profile mostly included multiparous cows with higher milk yield and lower reproductive performance than cows in the 3 other profiles. Low-M cows that experienced abnormal ovarian activity had lower reproductive performance than their profile-mates. Moreover, 67% of Low-M cows kept the same profile at the following lactation. The High-S profile mostly included primiparous cows with lower milk yield and higher reproductive performance than cows in other profiles. In High-S cows, higher milk yields correlated to higher risk of failure to calf on first insemination. Moreover, 38% of High-S cows kept the same profile at the following lactation, and none changed to Low-M. The other 2 BCS profiles (Low-S and High-M) were intermediate in terms of milk yield and reproductive performance. In Normande, we discriminated 3 BCS profiles based on combining BCS at calving (Low: around 2.6 points, or High: around 3.5 points) with BCS loss after calving (Flat (F): flat with no loss, Moderate (M): around 0.5 points, or Severe (S): around 1.0 point). The Low-M and High-S profiles included cows with similar performance, even though High-S-profile cows showed better but not significantly different milk yield and reproduction performance. The High-F profile included cows that were more likely to experience abnormal ovarian activity and fail at first insemination than cows in other profiles. More than 50% of Normande cows with 2 successive lactations kept in the same BCS profile at the next lactation. Even though a low BCS at calving combined with severe BCS loss (more than 1 point) after calving was found to increase reproductive failure, there was no evidence of an optimal BCS profile for reproduction in dairy cows, and reproductive success or failure is multifactorial.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (C. Dezetter) 20 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04618232
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[hal-04661337] Gestion intégrée de la santé dans une perspective de transition agroécologique des systèmes d’élevage : cadre d’analyse et leviers d’action pour les animaux monogastriques
Integrated animal health management can be defined as all the knowledge and practices mobilized by humans in a coordinated manner in order to build, preserve or recover the health of individuals or the herd within the breeding system. It is based on the joint mobilization of three complementary principles: preventing the onset of diseases by limiting risk situations and contact with harmful elements (pathogens, toxic elements), using resistant animals or developing their adaptive capacities, treating animals in a targeted manner (molecule, dose, duration). Health is built throughout the animal’s life to ensure harmonious development and physical integrity of individuals. Numerous levers of action, grouped into six dimensions (living environment of the animals, reproductive management, herd management, choices and practices with the animals, feeding and farming management) have been identified to achieve this objective. These levers can have a direct, delayed, or intergenerational effect on health. A coherent mobilization of many levers has allowed a significant reduction in the use of antibiotics in recent years, but there is still room for improvement. The agroecological transition of farming systems poses new challenges for integrated animal health management.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucile Montagne) 24 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04661337
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[hal-04581102] Post-milking application of a Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain impacts bovine teat microbiota while preserving the mammary gland physiology and immunity
Bovine mastitis (BM) is a major disease in dairy industry. The current approaches – mainly antibiotic treatments are not entirely effective and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance dissemination, rising the need for alternative treatment. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of post-milking application of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CIRM BIA 1542 (Lp1542) on the teat skin (TS) of 20 Holstein cows in mid lactation, in order to reinforce the barrier effect of the microbiota naturally present on the teat. Treatment (Lp1542, iodine or no treatment) was applied post-milking twice a day on the 4 teats of healthy animals for 15 days. Blood and milk samples, and TS swabs were collected at day (D)1, D8, D15 and D26 before morning milking and at D15 before evening milking (D15E) to evaluate Lp1542 impact at the microbial, immune and physiological levels. Lp1542 treatment resulted in a higher lactic acid bacteria and total microbial populations on TS and in foremilk (FM) at D15(E) compared with iodine treatment. Metabarcoding analysis revealed changes in the composition of TS and FM microbiota, beyond a higher Lacticaseibacillus abundance. This included a higher abundance of Actinobacteriota, including Bifidobacterium, and a lower abundance of Pseudomonadota on TS of Lp1542 compared with iodine- treated quarters. In addition, Lp1542 treatment did not trigger any major inflammatory response in the mammary gland, except interleukin 8 production and expression which tended to be slightly higher in Lp1542-treated cows compared with the others. Finally, Lp1542 treatment had no impact on the mammary epithelium functionality (milk yield and composition) and integrity (epithelial cell exfoliation into milk and milk Na + /K + ratio). Altogether, these results indicate that a topical treatment with Lp1542 is safe with regard to mammary gland physiology and immune system, while impacting its microbiota, inviting us to further explore its effectiveness for mastitis prevention.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Coralie Goetz) 21 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04581102
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[hal-04590313] Environmental trade-offs of meeting nutritional requirements with a lower share of animal protein for adult subpopulations
Decreasing the share of protein contributed by animal-based foods is recommended to move towards more sustainable and healthier diets. This study aimed to assess potential environmental impacts of diets with a lower share of animal protein. The diets were modeled to include the minimum share of animal protein in total protein that met nutrient requirements and did not increase costs. The new diets also minimized the difference in the quantity of food from those of observed (OBS) diets. They were modeled for five adult subpopulations (defined by sex and age) using mathematical optimization. The model was created by combining the INCA2 database (to model OBS diets in the French population) and a database of 207 food items to adjust nutritional and price parameters. All modeled diets satisfied nutritional and cost constraints. A low-animal-protein (LAP) diet was identified for each subpopulation by progressively decreasing the share of animal protein by steps of 5% until the recommended quantity of protein and/or consumption constraints were no longer satisfied. Potential environmental impacts of the LAP diets in eight impact categories were calculated using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle inventories from Agribalyse® 3.0. A LAP diet for the entire population was calculated as a weighted mean of the subpopulations’ LAP diets. The share of animal protein decreased from 70% in the OBS diet to 50% in the LAP diet. Compared to the OBS diet, the LAP diet decreased five environmental impacts: climate change (greenhouse gas emissions), acidification (emissions of acidifying compounds) and land occupation (all by more than 30%), cumulative energy demand (by 23%) and marine eutrophication (by 13%). Conversely, it increased three environmental impacts: freshwater eutrophication and water use (both by ca. 40%) and biodiversity damage potential (potential loss of species associated with land use) (by 66%). These results suggest that decreasing the share of animal protein to 50% is compatible with nutritional requirements, affordability and consumption constraints, but would have mixed effects on the environment.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Joël Aubin) 28 May 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04590313
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[hal-04538081] Relationship between feed efficiency and gut microbiota in laying chickens under contrasting feeding conditions
The gut microbiota is known to play an important role in energy harvest and is likely to affect feed efficiency. In this study, we used 16S metabarcoding sequencing to analyse the caecal microbiota of laying hens from feed‑efficient and non‑efficient lines obtained by divergent selection for residual feed intake. The two lines were fed either a commercial wheat‑soybean based diet (CTR) or a lowenergy, high‑fibre corn‑sunflower diet (LE). The analysis revealed a significant line x diet interaction, highlighting distinct differences in microbial community composition between the two lines when hens were fed the CTR diet, and more muted differences when hens were fed the LE diet. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a richer and more diverse microbiota may play a role in enhancing feed efficiency, albeit in a diet‑dependent manner. The taxonomic differences observed in the microbial composition seem to correlate with alterations in starch and fibre digestion as well as in the production of short‑chain fatty acids. As a result, we hypothesise that efficient hens are able to optimise nutrient absorption through the activity of fibrolytic bacteria such as Alistipes or Anaerosporobacter, which, via their production of propionate, influence various aspects of host metabolism.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maria Bernard) 09 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04538081
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[hal-04495275] Animal board invited review: Improving animal health and welfare in the transition of livestock farming systems: Towards social acceptability and sustainability
Highlights: • Improving jointly health and welfare of farm animals raises new research questions. • An integrated measure of animal health through their lifespan has to be developed. • Synergies and tensions between health, welfare and production need to be investigated. • Improving animal health and welfare challenges in industrial and territorial dimensions. • Livestock farmer and citizen expectations towards animal condition need consideration. Abstract: The need to integrate more clearly societal expectations on livestock farming has led the authors of this article to consider that livestock farming systems must be redesigned to position health and welfare at the heart of their objectives. This article proposes a vision of the advances in knowledge required at different scales to contribute to this transformation. After defining health and welfare of animals, the article emphasises the need to consider health in a broader perspective, to deepen the question of positive emotional experiences regarding welfare, and raises the question of how to assess these two elements on farms. The positive interactions between health and welfare are presented. Some possible tensions between them are also discussed, in particular when improving welfare by providing a more stimulating and richer environment such as access to outdoor increases the risk of infectious diseases. Jointly improving health and welfare of animals poses a number of questions at various scales, from the animal level to the production chain. At the animal level, the authors highlight the need to explore: the long-term links between better welfare and physiological balance, the role of microbiota, the psycho-neuro-endocrine mechanisms linking positive mental state and health, and the trade-off between the physiological functions of production, reproduction and immunity. At the farm level, in addition to studying the relationships at the group level between welfare, health and production, the paper supports the idea of co-constructing innovative systems with livestock farmers, as well as analysing the cost, acceptability and impact of improved systems on their working conditions and well-being. At the production chain or territory levels, various questions are raised. These include studying the best strategies to improve animal health and welfare while preserving economic viability, the labelling of products and the consumers’ willingness to pay, the consequences of heterogeneity in animal traits on the processing of animal products, and the spatial distribution of livestock farming and the organisation of the production and value chain. At the level of the citizen and consumer, one of the challenges is to better inter-relate sanitary and health perspectives on the one hand, and welfare concerns on the other hand. There is also a need to improve citizens’ knowledge on livestock farming, and to develop more intense and constructive exchanges between livestock farmers, the livestock industry and citizens. These difficult issues plead for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research involving various scientific disciplines and the different stakeholders, including public policy makers through participatory research.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christian Ducrot) 08 Mar 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04495275
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[hal-04399175] Proteomics and bioinformatics analyses based on two-dimensional electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS for the primary characterization of protein changes in chicken breast meat from divergent farming systems: Organic versus antibiotic-free
Proteomics is a key analytical method in meat research thanks to its potential in investigating the proteins at interplay in post-mortem muscles. This study aimed to characterize the differences in early post-mortem muscle proteomes of chickens raised under two farming systems: organic versus antibiotic-free. Forty post-mortem Pectoralis major muscle samples from two chicken strains (Ross 308 versus Ranger Classic) reared under organic versus antibiotic-free farming systems were characterized and compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Within antibiotic-free and organic farming systems, 14 and 16 proteins were differentially abundant between Ross 308 and Ranger Classic, respectively. Within Ross 308 and Ranger Classic chicken strains, 12 and 18 proteins were differentially abundant between organic and antibiotic-free, respectively. Bioinformatics was applied to investigate the molecular pathways at interplay, which highlighted the key role of muscle structure and energy metabolism. Antibiotic-free and organic farming systems can significantly impact the muscle proteome of chicken breast meat. This paper further proposes a primary list of putative protein biomarkers that can be used for chicken meat or farming system authenticity.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laura Alessandroni) 18 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04399175
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[hal-04449380] Multi-tissue metabolic and transcriptomic responses to a short-term heat stress in swine
Background Heat stress (HS) is an increasing threat for pig production with a wide range of impacts. When submitted to high temperatures, pigs will use a variety of strategies to alleviate the effect of HS. While systemic adaptations are well known, tissue-specific changes remain poorly understood. In this study, thirty-two pigs were submitted to a 5-day HS at 32 °C. Results Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on several tissues. The results revealed differentially expressed genes and metabolites in different tissues. Specifically, 481, 1774, 71, 1572, 17, 164, and 169 genes were differentially expressed in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, blood, thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands, respectively. Regulatory glands (pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal) had a lower number of regulated genes, perhaps indicating an earlier sensitivity to HS. In addition, 7, 8, 2, and 8 metabolites were differentially produced in muscle, liver, plasma, and urine, respectively. The study also focused on the oxidative stress pathway in muscle and liver by performing a correlation analysis between genes and metabolites. Conclusions This study has identified various adaptation mechanisms in swine that enable them to cope with heat stress (HS). These mechanisms include a global decrease in energetic metabolism, as well as changes in metabolic precursors that are linked with protein and lipid catabolism and anabolism. Notably, the adaptation mechanisms differ significantly between regulatory (pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands) and effector tissues (muscle, adipose tissue, liver and blood). Our findings provide new insights into the comprehension of HS adaptation mechanisms in swine.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Guilhem Huau) 12 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04449380
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[hal-04601713] Sound feeding signal for gestating sows: Evaluation of an individual learning strategy and its beneficial effects in groups
Competition for feed in a group of gestating sows leads to aggression around feeding stations, which has a negative impact on their welfare. This study investigates the potential of teaching gestating sows an individual sound signal to reduce aggression resulting from competition for feed access, and thus improve their welfare in a group. A total of 32 sows were used. In a test room, “learning” sows (n = 16) went through 4 individual learning phases (27 days in total) to associate the individual sound signal with an invitation to feed from a one-way feeding station and to discriminate this individual sound signal from other unknown sound signals. After the learning phases, sows were subjected to a 3-day evaluation phase in groups of 4 sows. The "naive" sows (n = 16) were also introduced to the test room individually for 18 days, and in groups of 4 for 3 days without following the learning procedure. Learning sows correctly responded to 100% of their individual sound signal after only 8 days of individual learning, suggesting that they successfully associated the sound signal with feed access. Distinguishing between different sounds was harder as shown by only 18.8% of success after an unknown sound emission at the end of the individual learning phases. Naïve sows reduced the time spent in the feeder compared to learning sows (P < 0.001). On the second day of the group phase, learning sows were less aggressive than naïve sows (P < 0.05). Compared to high-ranking sows, low-ranking sows displayed a reduced number of spontaneous approaches to the feeder during the last individual learning phase (P < 0.001), and higher success rates in the group phase (P < 0.05). The study suggests that, for group-housed sows fed by an individual feeder, teaching sows an individual sound signal can modify their feeding and social behaviors, enhancing their overall well-being during feeding time. Furthermore, the results suggest that this individual learning may be particularly beneficial for low-ranking sows.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anna Blanc) 11 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04601713
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[hal-04582528] Feeding strategy in organic pig farming as a lever to improve various quality dimensions of pork
Since 2022, European specifications for organic pig farming have evolved to distribute 100 % organic feed, to reinforce the link to the soil with feed resources that should primarily be obtained from the farm or the same region. Feeding strategy acts as a lever to improve various quality dimensions of organic (as well as conventional) pork, including intrinsic dimensions (carcass composition, nutritional, organoleptic, technological, sanitary qualities) and extrinsic dimensions related to animal farming (image). Diet may also influence the risk of undesirable odours or flavours that may be found in pork from non-castrated male pigs. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of a specific feeding strategy on several quality dimensions of organic meat from non-castrated male pigs. The experiment was conducted with 77 organic non-castrated male pigs (Piétrain NN × Large White) reared according to organic specifications and distributed in two batches. Within litters, male littermates were allocated at around 33 kg of live weight to either a Control group which received a Control feed (C) corresponding to the organic specifications, or in a Bio+ group which received an organic test feed based mainly on French raw materials and which contained more fibres (faba bean and access to roughages) and omega-3 fatty acids (linseed, camelina). All pigs were reared in the same building on deep straw bedding (1.3 m²/pig) with free outdoor access (1.0 m²/pig) using one pen per experimental group. Pigs were fed ad libitum until slaughter at about 125 kg live weight. Average daily gain, carcass weight and lean meat content did not differ significantly between C and Bio+ pigs. Compared to C, Bio+ pigs had higher (P < 0.05) ultimate pH in the loin (Longissimus muscle) and ham (Gluteus medius, and Semimembranosus) muscles, associated to a lower Longissimus muscle glycolytic potential (P < 0.001). Loin and ham meat from Bio+ vs C pigs was less light (P < 0.05) and had a more intense red color (P < 0.10). The Bio+ strategy led to lower Longissimus muscle n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio (P < 0.001), indicating an improvement in pork nutritional value. Backfat skatole concentration was lower in Bio+ than C pigs whereas backfat androstenone was higher in Bio+ than C pigs (P < 0.05). Altogether, we demonstrated that the Bio+ strategy had positive impacts on several qualities of organic pork from entire male pigs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Chloé Van Baelen) 13 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04582528v2
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[hal-04438202] Data quantifying the behaviour of macro and trace elements along the feed – manure – treated waste continuum in pig production
Manure from animal production is commonly spread on agricultural soil as an organic fertiliser to provide macro and trace elements to crops. However, some trace elements can accumulate in the soil and become toxic to plants and microorganisms. These elements include copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), which can be applied in large quantities when pig manure is spread. The feeding strategy and manure management (e.g. through treatment chains) are two mechanisms identified to better control the use of these elements, but their fate from the feed to the soil in pig production remains poorly documented. Better understanding the fate of Cu and Zn, as well as that of other trace and macro elements, along the feed – excreta – waste chain is required to develop alternative ways to reduce their environmental impacts. This dataset provides insight into the composition (Cu, Zn and other trace and macro elements) of organic products along two contrasting manure management chains: (1) only storage or (2) in-building separation, anaerobic digestion (AD) of solids, and digestate drying. Feed, raw slurry, liquid and solid phases after separation of the manure and AD products were sampled and then analysed to measure their total compound contents.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Emma Gourlez) 08 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04438202
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[hal-04437975] Potential applications of biosurfactants in animal production and meat research
Muscle foods are perishable products that are subject to several contaminations such as microbial and/or chemical (lipid and protein oxidation) alterations, which result in their deterioration and quality loss. Several processing strategies are used to preserve and improve the stability, shelf-life and quality of meat and meat products, from which natural preservative agents are gaining interest from both industrials and consumers as green and eco-friendly strategies. Among these natural preservatives, biosurfactants are emerging molecules. Their natural origin and biodegradability make them appealing for use in the food industry. In meat research, biosurfactants are of great interest as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents to reduce meat spoilage and wastage as well as for improving the shelf-life of the products. We aimed to discuss the potential applications of biosurfactants with a focus on their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity within the objectives of reducing meat quality deterioration and improving the image quality (acceptability by consumers) of meat and meat products. Additionally, further perspectives under the context of practical applications of biosurfactants in meat emulsification have been discussed, serving as a reference to feed knowledge gaps in this emerging topic of research. Further studies and evaluations of biosurfactants in meat research are needed to establish more evidence of their potential benefits, applicability and feasibility at a larger scale.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Cerine Yasmine Boulahlib) 05 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04437975
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[hal-04575196] Face au changement climatique, quelles stratégies d’atténuation et d’adaptation pour les productions avicoles ?
La viande de volaille et les œufs sont des sources principales de protéines animales pour l’alimentation humaine dans le monde. Leur pro-duction a augmenté rapidement au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, les productions avicoles sont vulnérables au changement climatique, en particulier au réchauffement de la planète et à ses conséquences directes et indirectes. Pour y faire face, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des stratégies d’adaptation des animaux, en particulier en améliorant leur résilience. Ces stratégies nécessitent d’une part de mieux comprendre la physiologie des oiseaux (thermorégulation, efficacité pour la production de viande et d’œufs...) et d’autre part de rechercher des innovations en lien avec la nutrition, la santé, la reprogrammation précoce ou encore la génétique (intégration de nouveaux caractères adaptatifs dans les stratégies de sélection). Il faut également trouver des solutions au niveau des systèmes de production, par exemple en prenant en compte les aires de répartition géographique des maladies liées au changement climatique et en introduisant des pratiques d’atténuation pour réduire les consommations d’énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Des recherches interdiscipli-naires axées sur la génétique, les méthodes techniques (telles que la programmation thermique précoce), les solutions d’ingénierie, des innovations nutritionnelles et de nouvelles stratégies d’élevage agroécologiques sont ainsi développées. Ces stratégies tiennent compte de la demande sociale croissante en faveur de productions animales éthiques dans les perspectives d’une seule santé (« One Health ») et d’un seul bien-être (« One Welfare ») et visent à limiter la concurrence entre l’homme et les animaux pour les ressources alimentaires. Cette revue illustre par quelques exemples les leviers d’amélioration et de stratégies adaptatives envisageables pour rendre les animaux et les systèmes de production avicole plus résilients dans le contexte du changement climatique.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anne Collin) 15 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04575196
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[hal-04527102] The genetics of resilience and its relationships with egg production traits and antibody traits in chickens
Background Resilience is the capacity of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbances or to rapidly return to its initial state before exposure to a disturbance. Resilient livestock are desired because of their improved health and increased economic profit. Genetic improvement of resilience may also lead to trade-offs with production traits. Recently, resilience indicators based on longitudinal data have been suggested, but they need further evaluation to determine whether they are indeed predictive of improved resilience, such as disease resilience. This study investigated different resilience indicators based on deviations between expected and observed egg production (EP) by exploring their genetic parameters, their possible trade-offs with production traits, and their relationships with antibody traits in chickens. Methods Egg production in a nucleus breeding herd environment based on 1-week-, 2-week-, or 3-week-intervals of two purebred chicken lines, a white egg-laying (33,825 chickens) and a brown egg-laying line (34,397 chickens), were used to determine deviations between observed EP and expected average batch EP, and between observed EP and expected individual EP. These deviations were used to calculate three types of resilience indicators for two life periods of each individual: natural logarithm-transformed variance (ln(variance)), skewness, and lag-one autocorrelation (autocorrelation) of deviations from 25 to 83 weeks of age and from 83 weeks of age to end of life. Then, we estimated their genetic correlations with EP traits and with two antibody traits. Results The most promising resilience indicators were those based on 1-week-intervals, as they had the highest heritability estimates (0.02–0.12) and high genetic correlations (above 0.60) with the same resilience indicators based on longer intervals. The three types of resilience indicators differed genetically from each other, which indicates that they possibly capture different aspects of resilience. Genetic correlations of the resilience indicator traits based on 1-week-intervals with EP traits were favorable or zero, which means that trade-off effects were marginal. The resilience indicator traits based on 1-week-intervals also showed no genetic correlations with the antibody traits, which suggests that they are not informative for improved immunity or vice versa in the nucleus environment. Conclusions This paper gives direction towards the evaluation and implementation of resilience indicators, i.e. to further investigate resilience indicator traits based on 1-week-intervals, in breeding programs for selecting genetically more resilient layer chickens.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Tom Berghof) 04 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04527102
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[hal-04283061] Genetic covariance components for measures of nitrogen utilization in grazing dairy cows
Improved nitrogen utilization of dairy production systems should improve not only the economic output of the systems but also the environmental metrics. One strategy to improve efficiency is through breeding programs. Improving a trait through breeding is conditional on the presence of exploitable genetic variability. Using a database of 1,291 deeply phenotyped grazing dairy cows, the genetic variability for 2 definitions of nitrogen utilization was studied: nitrogen use efficiency (i.e., nitrogen output in milk and meat divided by nitrogen available) and nitrogen balance (i.e., nitrogen available less nitrogen output in milk and meat). Variance components for both variables were estimated using animal repeatability linear mixed models. Genetic variability was detected for both nitrogen utilization metrics, even though their heritability estimates were low (<0.10). Validation of genetic evaluations revealed that animals divergent for nitrogen use efficiency or nitrogen balance indeed differed phenotypically, further demonstrating that breeding for improved nitrogen efficiency should result in a shift in the population mean toward better efficiency. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen balance were not genetically correlated with each other (<|0.28|), and neither metric was correlated with milk urea nitrogen (<|0.12|). Nitrogen balance was unfavorably correlated to milk yield, showing the importance of including the nitrogen utilization metrics in a breeding index to improve nitrogen utilization without negatively impacting milk yield. In conclusion, improvement of nitrogen utilization through breeding is possible, even if more nitrogen utilization phenotypic data need to be collected to improve the selection accuracy considering the low heritability estimates.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (E. Tavernier) 13 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04283061
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[hal-04609533] Effects of replacing corn silage and soybean meal with an increasing percentage of fresh herbage on dairy cow nitrogen use efficiency and flows
To improve sustainability, dairy farms can reduce protein‐rich concentrate in the cows' diet providing fresh herbage produced on‐farm. This study aimed to quantify effects of increasing the percentage of fresh herbage (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, on a dry matter [DM] basis) in a partial mixed ration‐based diet on cow N use efficiency and excretion. The study was performed with five lactating cows, in a 4 × 4 Latin square design for four 3 week periods. Individual DM intake, milk yield, feces and urine excretions, and their N concentrations were measured daily. Dietary crude protein concentrations varied little among treatments (127 to 134 g/kg DM). DM intake and milk yield decreased linearly by 5.2 and 3.7 kg/day, respectively, while N use efficiency increased by 4.1 percentage points from 0% to 75% DM of fresh herbage in the diet. Urinary N was not influenced by the treatments, while fecal N decreased as the percentage of fresh herbage increased. This study highlights that replacing partial mixed ration with an increasing percentage of fresh herbage with slight changes in dietary N concentration increases N use efficiency and the percentage of urinary N in excreted N.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Manon Ferreira) 12 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04609533
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[hal-04634569] Sows and piglets adjust their use of an outdoor paddock with season and piglet age during the first weeks of life in an organic farm
Few studies have examined sows and piglets' use of outdoor access during their first weeks of life, when reared with access to a hut and a pasture as in the organic system. We studied whether the age of the piglets and the season of the year influenced the use of an outdoor area by piglets and the sow, and the use of indoor spaces. For this, the localisation of sows and their piglets inside and outside the hut was analysed on 16 sows and their litters during the summer and 16 others during the winter, by scan sampling, on days 2, 7 and 13 after parturition in an organic herd in Denmark. When inside the hut, the number of piglets in the creep area, next to the sow or other piglets was noted. All parameters were analysed by linear mixed-effects ANOVA models. Sows were less often observed outside the hut in the wintertime and during the mornings compared to later times of the day (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, the sows increased their outdoor use with the age of their litter (P&lt;0.001). The season also influenced the piglet use of outdoor areas (winter &lt; summer; P&lt;0.001). Piglets that were observed outside for the first time were older (8.9±0.9 d) during winter than during summer (3.5±0.5 d). The proportion of piglets observed outside increased with age, with a significant Season x Age interaction (P&lt;0.001). The proportion of observations where the sows and piglets were outdoors together increased with the piglets’ age (P &lt; 0.001). Sows’ outing was correlated with summer (R=0.3) and winter (R=0.2) temperatures, unlike piglets, where outings were correlated only with summer temperatures (R=0.3, P&lt;0.001). The proportion of piglets observed in the creep area was significantly affected by the age with a Season x Age interaction effect (P&lt;0.001). Piglets were rarely observed lying alone inside the hut. The proportion of piglets in contact with the sow and other piglets inside the pen was influenced by a significant Age x Season interaction effect (P&lt;0.001). We showed that piglets given access to an outside paddock gradually increase their use with age and don’t go outside right away. Their first exit and the proportion of piglets outside depended also on the season. In general, a higher proportion of sows and piglets were observed indoor during the wintertime. Thus, sows and piglets adjust their use of outdoor paddock with season and piglet age during the first weeks of life.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anissa Jahoui) 04 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04634569
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[hal-04283002] Nitrogen offset potential in a multi-year farmlet-scale study; milk and herbage production from grazed perennial ryegrass/white clover swards
The objective of this study was to quantify the farm gate nitrogen (N) off-set potential of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; PRG) white clover (Trifolium repens L.; WC) swards by comparing the herbage and milk production from dairy farmlets that were simulations of full farming systems. A study was established where 120 cows were randomly assigned to 4 farmlets of 10.9 ha (stocking rate: 2.75 cow/ha), comprised of 20 paddocks each. Cows were fed 526 kg DM of concentrate on average each year. The 4 grazing treatments were PRG-only at 150 or 250 kg N/ha and PRG-WC at 150 or 250 kg N/ha. Cows remained in their treatment group for an entire grazing season and were re-randomized as they calved across treatments each year. As cows calved in the Spring as standard practice in Ireland, they were rotationally grazed from early-February both day and night (weather permitting) to mid-November, to a target post-grazing sward height of 4.0 cm. Mean sward WC content was 18.1 and 15.4% for the 150 and 250 kg N/ha WC treatments, respectively over the 3 year period. When WC was included, lowering the N rate did not reduce pre-grazing yield, pre-grazing height or herbage removed but did so significantly when WC was absent. Total annual herbage DM production was 13,771, 15,242, 14,721 and 15,667 kg DM/ha, for the 4 treatments; PRG-only swards receiving 150 kg N/ha or 250 kg N/ha and a PRG-WC sward receiving 150 kg N/ha or 250 kg N/ha respectively. In addition, when WC was present, compressed post-grazing sward heights were lower (4.10 vs. 4.21 cm) and herbage allowance (approximately 17 kg/cow feed allocation per cow per day) higher than the high N control (+ 0.7 kg of DM/cow per day). There was a significant increase in milk production, both per cow and per ha (P > 0.001), when WC was included into PRG swards. Over the 3-year study, cows grazing PRG-WC had greater milk (+ 304 kg) and milk solids (MSo; + 31 kg fat + protein) yields than cows grazing PRG-only swards. This significant increase in milk production suggests the inclusion of WC in grazing systems can be effectively used to increase milk production per cow and per ha and help offset nitrogen use. This result offers potential to increase farm gate NUE, and reduce the N surplus compared with PRG-dominant sward grazing systems receiving 250 kg N/ha without negatively impacting on MSo yield or herbage production and increasing farm profit by €478/ha.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Á. Murray) 13 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04283002
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[hal-04653317] Quels défis au développement de la production porcine en agriculture biologique en France ?
La production porcine française en AB est très diversifiée de par ses élevages, notamment en termes de taille avec de nombreux ateliers à faibles effectifs ; de par la commercialisation des produits, avec une filière longue bien implantée dans le grand ouest de la France, et des filières courtes plus territorialisées ; et de par la multiplicité de ses acteurs spécifiques à l’AB ou mixtes. Bien que le nombre de truies certifiées en AB ait doublé entre 2016 et 2021, il ne représente que 1,9 % du cheptel français. Face à ce constat, une étude a été réalisée par le consortium ORIGAMI (INRAE-Métabio) pour comprendre les freins et leviers au développement de cette production. Des entretiens de 21 porteurs de projets ont permis d’identifier 164 freins et 231 leviers. Des analyses en composantes multiples suivies d’une classification ont mis en évidence sept types de freins et six types de leviers en fonction de leur niveau d’organisation (de l’animal au territoire) et du maillon de la filière qu’ils concernent (de l’agrofourniture à la consommation). L’interprétation de ces typologies permet d’identifier des thèmes de recherche pour relever les principaux défis identifiés. Ces thèmes concernent l’acquisition de références techniques spécifiques pour l’AB, la meilleure articulation entre filières et territoires, la promotion des débouchés des produits, mais aussi la formation des acteurs actuels et futurs et la communication auprès du grand public. Ces sujets sont des pistes de réflexion pour la construction de projets transdisciplinaires de recherche ou recherche-action avec les acteurs des filières.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucile Montagne) 18 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04653317
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[hal-04448073] Bioaccessibility and associated concepts: Need for a consensus
Background: The definition of the term 'bioaccessibility' is not clear. In the fields of Nutrition and Food Sciences, the term bioaccessibility was introduced in the context of micronutrients, which can lead to some confusion when applied to macronutrients, the latter requiring hydrolysis (sometimes included in the definition of bioaccessibility). Scope: In the context of macronutrient digestion, particularly in plant-based food where cell walls play a significant role, it seems coherent to differentiate between the release of nutrients from the food matrix, hydrolysis and absorption. Key findings and Conclusions: We concluded that the terms bioaccessibility, digestibility and bioavailability have been misused over time and have lost some of their meaning. Therefore, in this study, we suggest a definition for “bioaccessibility” and related vocabulary, as well as a possible classification of the biochemical events occurring during food or feed digestion. It is critical to use precise, specific vocabulary to describe the mechanisms involved while food transits through the different compartments of the gastro-intestinal tract. This goes hand in hand with a recent realisation of the importance of the food matrix, which has an impact on the breakdown of food in the digestive tract and thus on human and animal health.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myriam M.L. Grundy) 09 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04448073
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[hal-04309414] Assessment of beef sensory attributes and physicochemical characteristics: A comparative study of intermediate versus normal ultimate pH striploin cuts
The quality of beef, defined by key attributes such as the intrinsic sensory qualities texture, flavour, and juiciness, is shaped by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study conducted a detailed examination of Nellore beef, focusing on two categories based on ultimate pH (pHu) levels: intermediate (pHu ≥ 5.8) and normal (pHu < 5.6) beef. A comprehensive approach was taken, involving twenty trained assessors who applied the Optimised Descriptive Profile (ODP) method to evaluate grilled striploin steak samples. In parallel, consumer preferences were measured through a hedonic test and a Check-all-that-apply (CATA) task, involving 135 participants. The ODP results revealed that the intermediate pHu samples were juicier (P < 0.05) compared to the normal pHu group. The CATA analysis highlighted differences in both intermediate and normal pHu beef, especially in juiciness, a crucial factor for consumer satisfaction. Notably, variations in deoxymyoglobin content linked to ageing were observed, with higher levels at the 3rd day compared to the 28th day, especially in the intermediate pHu samples (P < 0.05). Moreover, colour-related aspects such as L*, b*, chroma (C*), and oxymyoglobin were significantly influenced (P < 0.05) by both the pHu category and ageing time. Regarding consumer acceptance, the study found no significant difference in perception between the intermediate and normal pHu groups (P > 0.05). These findings revealed the complex interactions between pHu levels, sensory characteristics, and consumer preferences in beef quality, offering valuable insights for both the industry and research community.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iliani Patinho) 04 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04309414
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[hal-04415987] Meat Omics: Trends and applications of Omics strategies in meat research
In this thematic issue, the potential of Omics methods currently applied to meat research have been demonstrated through seventeen papers that grouped seven reviews and ten original research papers. Overall, the papers described cutting-edge Omics methods to study several key aspects of meat quality, which were mainly dominated using proteomics (both traditional and label-free shotgun approaches), followed by metabolomics, lipidomics and new emerging approaches such as Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) fingerprinting.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mohammed Gagaoua) 26 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04415987
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[hal-04549544] Porcine ear necrosis is associated with social behaviours in weaned piglets
Background: Porcine ear necrosis (PEN) is a worldwide health issue and its aetiology is still unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and the severity of PEN in a commercial farm, associated with pig behaviour and health biomarkers measures. On two consecutive batches, PEN prevalence was determined at the pen level. PEN scores, blood haptoglobin concentration and oxidative status were measured on two pigs per pen ( n = 48 pens) 9, 30 and 50 days (D) after arrival to the post-weaning unit. Social nosing, oral manipulation and aggression of pen mates and exploration of enrichment materials were observed on two to three pigs per pen twice a week from D9 to D50. Results: At the pen level, the higher the time spent nosing pen mates, the lower the percentage of pigs affected by PEN during both the early and the late post-weaning periods ( P < 0.002) and, in the opposite, the higher the time spent orally manipulating pen mates during the late post-weaning period, the higher the percentage of affected pigs ( P = 0.03). At the pig level, the higher the increase in hydroperoxides and haptoglobin during the early post-weaning period, the higher the PEN scores on D30 ( P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggests that a high incidence of social nosing, which can be an indicator of good social cohesion in a group, was significantly associated with less frequent lesions of PEN. In opposite, high incidence of oral manipulation of pen mates may increase the percentage of PEN-affected pigs. According to these observations, PEN is a multifactorial condition which may have social causes among others.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Gwenaël Boulbria) 17 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04549544
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[hal-04586224] Strategies of maize silage supplementation of grazing dairy cows: Effects on milk production, pasture intake, grazing behaviour and methane emissions
Supplementation strategy and grazing management can strongly influence dairy cow feeding behaviour, herbage intake, milk production and methane emissions. Two studies were conducted to investigate (1) the level of supplementation with partial mixed rations (PMR) and (2) the timing of maize silage feeding (morning vs. evening) for cows that have access to pasture either only during the day or day and night. A dataset was built that includes all individual cow measurements from both studies. It consists of 18 Microsoft (R) Excel files that correspond to several scales of information. The main file, "GrASTech_04_CowMeasurements", contains individual weekly measurements of milk production and composition, body weight, supplement and herbage dry matter intake measured using the n -alkane method and grazing behaviour measured using Lifecorder Plus, for a total of 168 cow x week datapoints. Five Excel files provide supplementary information at larger scales: periods, experimental treatments, feeds offered and their chemical composition, pasture characteristics and grazing management, and cow characteristics. The remaining 12 Excel files provide information at the daily scale on weather (1 file), methane concentrations and emissions (1 file), the grazing schedule (1 file) and grazing behaviour (9 files). The files related to grazing behaviour include the daily pattern of grazing time every 2 min as determined by Lifecorder Plus, as well as the daily pattern of grazing time, rumination, overactivity, other activity, rest and standing every 5 min as determined by Feed'Live. This dataset can be used to better understand and investigate relations among and the influence of animal characteristics, grazing management, the supplementation strategy and weather conditions on daily herbage intake, grazing behaviour, milk production and methane emissions at a weekly scale. The detailed information on feeding and grazing behaviour can also be used to study between -cow and between -day variability in daily cow activities.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rémy Delagarde) 24 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04586224
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[hal-04568409] Data-independent acquisition-based SWATH-MS proteomics profiling to decipher the impact of farming system and chicken strain and discovery of biomarkers of authenticity in organic versus antibiotic-free chicken meat
In the literature, there is a paucity of methods and tools that allow the identification of biomarkers of authenticity to discriminate organic and non-organic chicken meat products. Shotgun proteomics is a powerful tool that allows the investigation of the entire proteome of a muscle and/or meat sample. In this study, a shotgun proteomics approach using Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH-MS) has been applied for the first time to characterize and identify candidate protein biomarkers of authenticity in post-mortem chicken Pectoralis major muscles produced under organic and non-organic farming systems (antibiotic-free). The proteomics characterization was further performed within two chicken strains, these being Ross 308 and Ranger Classic, which differ in their growth rate. From the candidate protein biomarkers, the bioinformatics enrichment analyses revealed significant differences in the muscle proteome between the two chicken strains, which may be related to their genetic background and rearing conditions. The results further provided novel insights on the potential interconnected pathways at interplay that are associated with the differences as a consequence of farming system of chicken strain, such as muscle contraction and energy metabolism. This study could pave the way to more in-depth investigations in proteomics applications to assess chicken meat authenticity and better understand the impact of farming systems on the chicken muscle and meat quality.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laura Alessandroni) 04 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04568409
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[hal-04619014] From the biochemical pieces to the nutritional puzzle: using meta-reactions in teaching and research
We now live in an era where metabolic data are increasingly accessible and available. Analysis of this data can be done using novel techniques (e.g., machine learning and artificial intelligence) but this does not alleviate scientists to use “human intelligence”. The objective of this paper is to combine the information of a large database of biochemical reactions with a method and tool to make nutritional biochemistry more accessible to nutritionists. A script was developed to extract information from a database with more than 16 000 biochemical reactions so that it can be used for “biochemical bookkeeping”. A system of more than 300 meta-reactions (i.e., the outcome reaction of a series of connected individual reactions) was constructed covering a wide range of metabolic pathways for macro- and micronutrients. Meta-reactions were constructed by identifying metabolic nodes, which are inputs or outputs of a metabolic system or that serve as connection points between meta-reactions. Complete metabolic pathways can be constructed by combining and balancing the meta-reactions using a simple Excel tool. To illustrate the use of meta-reactions and the tool in the teaching of nutritional biochemistry, examples are given to illustrate how much ATP can be synthesized from glucose, either directly or indirectly (i.e., via storage and mobilization or via transfer of intermediate metabolites between tissues and generations). To illustrate how meta-reactions and the tool can be used in research, nutrient balance data of the mammary gland of a dairy cow were used to construct a plausible pathway of nutrient metabolism of the whole mammary gland. The balance data included 34 metabolites taken up or exported by the mammary gland and 39 meta-reactions were used to construct a metabolic pathway that accounted for the uptake and output of metabolites. The results highlighted the importance of the synthesis of proline from arginine and the concomitant synthesis of urea by the mammary gland. It also raised the question of whether the availability of metabolic pathways or glucose uptake would be the more limiting factor for the synthesis of NADPH required for fatty acid synthesis. The availability of an open database with biochemical reactions, the concept of meta-reactions, and the provision of a tool allow users to construct metabolic pathways, which helps acquiring a more comprehensive and integrated view of metabolism and may raise issues that may be difficult to identify otherwise.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jaap J. van Milgen) 20 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04619014
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[hal-04617235] CowPILOT -Piloter la note d'état corporel pour optimiser la reproduction des vaches laitières
Le projet CowPILOT avait pour objectif d’évaluer la possibilité du pilotage individuel de la note d’état corporel (NEC) afin d’optimiser la reproduction des vaches laitières. Les enquêtes auprès d’éleveurs et techniciens ont indiqué que son utilisation en routine pour gérer la reproduction reste à construire. A partir de données issues de six fermes expérimentales, des profils d’évolution de l’état corporel au cours de la lactation ont pu être mis en évidence : 4 en race Holstein et 3 en race Normande. Les différences de performance de reproduction ont été de faible ampleur entre les profils. Éleveurs et conseillers ont échangé autour des leviers pour mieux piloter la NEC : ils y sont peu enclins au cours de la lactation. L’adaptation des durées de tarissement apparait comme un levier acceptable pour piloter la NEC lors de la lactation suivante ; l’approche par modélisation a confirmé son influence sur les performances de reproduction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Fabrice Bidan) 19 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04617235
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[hal-04586201] Monitoring individual drinking behaviour and the social hierarchy in dairy cows using electronic drinkers
Sufficient access to clean drinking water is essential for the production and welfare of dairy cows. However, dairy farms vary greatly in how they provide water to cows. Electronic drinkers are now available to monitor cows’ water intake on individual level and can be used to better define their water need. The objective of this study was to validate the detection of agonistic replacements when competing for water access with a new electronic drinker and to explore the ability of using these interactions to identify the social hierarchy within a group of cows. A group of 22 Holstein mid-lactating cows were housed in a free-stall barn equipped with 6 electronic drinkers, 22 individual feeders and 7 cameras. For 9 days over the 18 days of the trial, agonistic interactions were identified via video. We used an algorithm relying on visit start times of subsequent cows at the electronic drinkers to automatically detect agonistic replacements. We determined 4 social hierarchies using the normalized David's score (NormDS) based on 1) agonistic interactions video observed in areas outside the drinkers, 2) agonistic interactions video observed at the drinkers, 3) replacements at the drinkers obtained from video, and 4) replacements at the drinkers detected by the algorithm. We found a weak correlation between the hierarchy recorded outside the drinkers and the one based on agonistic interactions at the drinkers. The hierarchy based on agonistic interactions at the drinkers was strongly correlated with the one relying on video-based replacements but showed a weaker association with the hierarchy relying on replacements detected by the algorithm. To explore the influence of dominance on drinker use, we defined dominant (n = 6), mid-dominant (n = 6), mid-subordinate (n = 4) and subordinate (n = 6) cows according to NormDS quartiles in the video-based replacement hierarchy. Subordinate cows drank less than the other social groups at the peak consumption of the whole group at 1800 h but drank more than the most dominant cows 2 hours later. Subordinate cows preferentially used the most isolated drinker of the barn, furthest from the feeding area, and they drank less from drinkers in higher density areas. Detecting replacements at the drinker can be useful in studies aimed to analyze the effect of social groups on individual drinking behaviour. However, we suggest that for the automatic detection of replacements at the drinker, technology that allows for the recording of non-drinking visits is necessary.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ellynn Nizzi) 24 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04586201
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[hal-04582488] Evidence of stable preferential affiliative relationships in the domestic pig
Affiliative relationships are well documented in a wide range of wild animals. However, there is limited evidence of their existence in social farm animals, despite potential significant animal welfare implications. We aimed to determinewhether pigs have preferential partners for affiliative interactions and associations andwhether these preferences remain stable over time or are influenced by sex, dominance rank or litter of origin (i.e. kinship or familiarity). Two pens of 12 domestic pigs, Sus scrofa, twomales and two females from three litters, were weaned at 28 days of age and observed from 42 to 57 days (postweaning phase) and from 70 to 85 days (finishing phase) following a change of housing at 62 days. Sociopositive behaviours, including nose-to-nose and nose-to-body contacts, allogrooming and associations while lying were scored on video observations over 6 days per phase. Using social network analysis methods, we found nonrandom social preferences for allogrooming in both pens of pigs, which remained stable between the postweaning and finishing phases.We also observed nonrandom associations for proximities while lying, although these patterns were not found in both pens of pigs and did not systematically persist between phases. In contrast, nose-to-nose interactions were expressed randomly in both pens and phases. Depending on the housing conditions, social preferences for grooming interactions or proximity while lying were only weakly influenced by sex, dominance rank or litter of origin. We did not find any correlation between social networks for grooming interactions and associations while lying. In summary, our study highlights the existence of durable affiliative relationships based on grooming interactions and proximity while lying within stable pig groups. These relationships appear to be minimally affected by sex, dominance, kinship or familiarity. Taking these relationships into account, particularly from a young age, could be pivotal in improving the welfare of pigs on farms.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Caroline Clouard) 22 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04582488
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[hal-04536609] Decreased lactose percentage in milk associated with quarter health disorder and hyperketolactia, a proxy for negative energy balance, in dairy cows
Several studies have described variations in lactose content (LC) in dairy cows during udder quarter health disorder or negative energy balance (NEB). However, their joint effects on LC have never been described. This was the aim of a longitudinal observational study performed on 5 Quebec dairy farms using automatic milking systems. Quarter milk samples were collected every 14 d from 5 to 300 DIM. Quarter health status was described by combining SCC level (SCC- or SCC+: &lt; or ≥100,000 cells/mL) and infectious status (Patho- or Patho+: presence or absence of pathogens on a milk culture). Cows with NEB in early lactation (DIM &lt;70) were identified using milk β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content: 0.15 mM = BHB-; 0.15 - 0.19 mM = BHB+; &gt; 0.19 mM = BHB++. A total of 14,505 quarter cisternal milk samples were collected from 380 lactating cows. The quarter LC was analyzed using a mixed linear regression model with the following fixed effects: quarter health status, parity, time interval between last milking and sampling, quarter milk yield (in kg/d), DIM, and herd. A random quarter intercept with a repeated measures correlation structure and a cow random intercept were also specified. The LC of SCC+ quarters was lower (-0.17 ± 0.013% pts) compared with LC of SCC- quarters for both primiparous and multiparous cows. Over the 162 bacterial species identified, only 8 species had a prevalence greater than 4.0%, and just 5 of them were associated with a reduction in LC: Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. chromogenes, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Staph. epidermidis, and Staph. simulans. Cows identified as BHB+ and BHB++ in early lactation had a lower LC (-0.05 ± 0.019% and -0.13 ± 0.020% pts, respectively) compared with BHB- cows. For BHB++ cows, in both parity groups the decrease in LC (-0.20 ± 0.025% pts) was higher in SCC+ quarters compared with SCC- quarters. Moreover, the additive effect of the quarter health status and NEB on milk LC was greater with larger increases in BHB. Our findings highlight the necessity to jointly take into consideration both quarter health status and milk BHB concentration when using LC as a biomarker for NEB.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Auxane Hamon) 08 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04536609
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[hal-04636071] Yaks are dependent on gut microbiota for survival in the environment of the Qinghai Tibet plateau
The yak (Poephagus grunniens) has evolved unique adaptations to survive the harsh environment of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, while their gut microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the animal. Gut microbes spread through the animal population not only by horizontal transmission but also vertically, which enhances microbial stability and inheritance between generations of the population. Homogenization of gut microbes in different animal species occurs in the same habitat, promoting interspecies coexistence. Using the yak as a model animal, this paper discusses the adaptive strategies under extreme environments, and how the gut microbes of the yak circulate throughout the Tibetan Plateau system, which not only affects other plateau animals such as plateau pikas, but can also have a profound impact on the health of people. By examining the relationships between yaks and their gut microbiota, this review offers new insights into the adaptation of yaks and their ecological niche on the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Runze Wang) 05 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04636071
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[hal-04603561] Intake profile, milk production and energy balance of early lactation spring calving Holstein Friesian and Jersey x Holstein Friesian dairy cows in high utilisation pasture-based systems
Early lactation is a critical period for dairy cows as energy requirements rapidly increase with the onset of lactation, however, early lactation dry matter intakes (DMI) in pasture-based systems are under-measured. The objectives of this study were 1) to measure and profile total DMI (TDMI) and animal performance of dairy cows during early lactation in a pasture-based system 2) to investigate early lactation energy balance in pasture-based systems and 3) to examine production efficiencies including TDMI and milk solids production per 100 kg bodyweight. Eighty spring-calving dairy cows were allocated to a grazing group as they calved over a 2 year period (2021 and 2022). Cows were offered a daily herbage allowance to achieve a post-grazing sward height of 4 cm with silage supplementation when necessary due to inclement weather. Total DMI was measured using the n-alkane technique over a 12 week period from 1st of February to the 23rd of April. Total DMI and daily milk yield were significantly affected by parity with both variables being greatest for third parity animals (17.7 kg DM and 26.3 kg/cow/day, respectively), lowest for first parity (13.2 kg DM and 19.6 kg/cow/day, respectively) and intermediate for second parity animals (16.8 kg DM and 24.1 kg/cow/day, respectively). Peak TDMI was reached on wk 10 for first parity animals (14.6 kg DM), wk 11 for second parity animals (19.3 kg DM) and wk 12 for third parity animals (19.9 kg DM). Parity also had a significant effect on UFL (feed units for milk) feed balance as first parity animals experienced a greater degree of negative energy balance (−3.2 UFL) compared with second and third parity animals (−2.3 UFL). Breed and parity had an effect on production efficiencies during the first 12 weeks of lactation as Jersey x Holstein Friesian cows had greater TDMI/100 kg bodyweight and milk solids/100 kg bodyweight compared with Holstein Friesian cows.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (S. Walsh) 06 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04603561
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[hal-04510660] Sensitivity analysis of the INRA 2018 feeding system for ruminants by a one-at-a-time approach: Effects of dietary input variables on predictions of multiple responses of dairy cattle
In the INRA 2018 feeding system for ruminants, the prediction of multiple animal responses is based on the integration of the characteristics of the animal and the available feedstuff characteristics, as well as the rationing objectives. In this framework, the characterization of feedstuffs in terms of net energy, digestible protein, and fill units requirs information on their chemical composition, digestibility, and degradability. Despite the importance of these feed characteristics, a comprehensive assessment of their impact on the responses predicted by the INRA 2018 feeding system has not been carried out. Thus, our study investigated how variables predicted by the INRA feeding system (i.e., outputs) for dairy cows are affected by variation in feed characterization (i.e., inputs). Five input variables were selected for the sensitivity analysis (SA): CP, OM apparent digestibility (OMd), GE, effective degradability of nitrogen assuming a passage rate of 6%/h (ED6_N) and true intestinal digestibility (dr_N) of nitrogen. A one-at-a-time SA was performed on predicted digestive, productive and environmental output variables for dairy cows with 6 contrasted diets. These 6 diets were formulated to meet 95% of the potential daily milk production (37.5 kg) of a multiparous cow at wk 14 of lactation. Then, the values of the 5 key input variables of each feedstuff were randomly sampled around the INRA 2018 feed table values (reference point). The response of the output variable to the variation of the input variable was quantified and compared using the tangent value at the reference point and the normalized sensitivity coefficient. Among the major final output variables, CP and dr_N had the greatest impact on nitrogen (N) excretion in urine (as a proportion of total fecal and urinary N excretion, UN/TN), OMd and GE had the greatest impact on N utilization efficiency (N in milk as proportion of intake N, NUE), and ED6_N had the greatest impact on milk protein yield (MPY). Additionally, CP, GE, and dr_N had the least effect on methane emission, OMd had the least effect on UN/TN, and ED6_N had the least effect on NUE. The responses of most output variables to ED6_N and dr_N variations were highly dependent on diet, and were related to the ratio between PDI (i.e., metabolizable protein) and UFL (i.e., NEL) at the reference point of each diet. In conclusion, we were able to analyze the response of output variables to the variations of the input variables, using the tangent and its normalized value at the reference point. The predicted final outputs were more impacted by variations in CP, GE, and OMd. The other 2 input variables, ED6_N and dr_N, had a smaller effect on the final output variables, but the responses varied between the diets according to their PDI/UFL ratio. Among the final output variables affected by ED6_N, MPY was the most impacted, but when quantified this impact was at an acceptable level. Our present study was conducted using 6 representative diets for dairy cattle fed at their potential, but should be completed by the analysis of more diverse conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Seoyoung Jeon) 19 Mar 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04510660
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[hal-04603863] Three-dimensional imaging to estimate in vivo body and carcass chemical composition of growing beef-on-dairy crossbred bulls
The dynamics of cattle body chemical composition during growth and fattening periods determine animal performance and beef carcass quality. The aim of this study was to estimate the empty body (EB) and carcass chemical composition of growing beef-on-dairy crossbred bulls (Brown Swiss breed as dam with Angus, Limousin or Simmental as sire) using three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The 3D images of the cattle’s external body shape were recorded in vivo on 48 bulls along growth trajectory (75–520 kg BW and 34–306 kg hot carcass weight [HCW]; set 1) and on 70 bulls at target market slaughter weight, including 18 animals from set 1 (average 517 ± 10 kg BW and 289 ± 10 kg HCW; set 2). The linear, circumference, curve, surface and volume measurements on the 3D body shape were determined. Those predictive variables were used in partial least square regressions, together with the effect of the sire breed whenever significant (P &lt; 0.05), with leave-one-out cross-validation to estimate water, lipid, protein, mineral and energy mass or proportions in the EB and carcass. Mass and proportions were determined directly from postmortem grinding and chemical analyses (set 1) or indirectly using the 11th rib dissection method (set 2). In set 1, bulls’ BW and HCW were estimated via 3D imaging, with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 12 kg and 6 kg, respectively. The EB and carcass chemical component proportions were estimated with RMSEP from 0.2% for EB minerals (observed mean 3.7 ± 0.2%) to 1.8% for EB lipid (11.6 ± 4.2%), close to the RMSEP found for the carcass. In set 2, the RMSEP for estimation via 3D imaging was 9 kg for BW and 6 kg for HCW. The EB energy and protein proportions were estimated, with RMSEP of 0.5 MJ/kg fresh matter (10.1 ± 0.8 MJ/DM) and 0.2% (18.7 ± 0.7%), respectively. Overall, the estimations of chemical component proportions from 3D imaging were slightly less precise for both sets than the mass estimations. The morphological traits from the 3D images appeared to be precise estimators of BW, HCW as well as EB and carcass chemical component masses and proportions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Caroline Xavier) 06 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04603863
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[hal-04364631] Pea cell wall polysaccharides and their structural integrity influence protein bioaccessibility and hydrolysis
Pea cell walls have been shown to encapsulate nutrients inside cells, thereby limiting their hydrolysis by digestive enzymes. However, it is unknown how the cell wall performs this barrier function. In particular, this could be due to the presence of specific polysaccharides or, most probably, the organisation of the components within the cell wall. This study aimed to investigate how cell walls prevented protein hydrolysis. To address this objective, isolated cells were obtained using different treatments thought to affect cell walls differently (incubations in water, salt or EDTA solutions) and digested in vitro using a three-phase (oral, gastric and intestinal) model. Purified polysaccharides (cellulose, rhamnogalacturonan I and xyloglucan) and solutions obtained from the incubation of pea fibres and flour were also used in our digestion experiments. We found that protein bioaccessibility (here defined as the amount of protein released from the pea cells) and hydrolysis was lower after the gastric phase for the isolated cells prepared with the salt solution compared to the other treatments. Regardless of the treatment, between 47% and 93% of proteins were released from the cells (bioaccessible) and hydrolysed, respectively. Therefore, after prolonged incubation time proteases seem to be able to penetrate the cells during digestion. In terms of purified polysaccharides, rhamnogalacturonan I had the greatest effect on protein hydrolysis. Incubation solutions made from the pea fibres reduced proteolysis to a greater extent than the pea flour. The present study showed that pea cell walls delay protein digestion mainly via its structural organisation within the cell wall, with purified polysaccharides having a more limited effect.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maxence Noel) 27 Dec 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04364631
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[hal-04575157] Enriched atlas of lncRNA and protein-coding genes for the GRCg7b chicken assembly and its functional annotation across 47 tissues
Gene atlases for livestock are steadily improving thanks to new genome assemblies and new expression data improving the gene annotation. However, gene content varies across databases due to differences in RNA sequencing data and bioinformatics pipelines, especially for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which have higher tissue and developmental specificity and are harder to consistently identify compared to protein coding genes (PCGs). As done previously in 2020 for chicken assemblies galgal5 and GRCg6a, we provide a new gene atlas, lncRNA-enriched, for the latest GRCg7b chicken assembly, integrating "NCBI RefSeq", "EMBL-EBI Ensembl/GENCODE" reference annotations and other resources such as FAANG and NONCODE. As a result, the number of PCGs increases from 18,022 (RefSeq) and 17,007 (Ensembl) to 24,102, and that of lncRNAs from 5789 (RefSeq) and 11,944 (Ensembl) to 44,428. Using 1400 public RNA-seq transcriptome representing 47 tissues, we provided expression evidence for 35,257 (79%) lncRNAs and 22,468 (93%) PCGs, supporting the relevance of this atlas. Further characterization including tissue-specificity, sex-differential expression and gene configurations are provided. We also identified conserved miRNA-hosting genes with human counterparts, suggesting common function. The annotated atlas is available at gega.sigenae.org
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Fabien Degalez) 15 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04575157
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[hal-04557071] Synthesis of milk components involves different mammary metabolism adaptations in response to net energy and protein supplies in dairy cows
Net energy for lactation (NEL) and metabolizable protein (MP) are the 2 main nutritional forces that drive synthesis of milk components. This study investigated mammary-gland metabolism in dairy cows in response to variations in the supply of NE L and MP. Four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which each experimental period consisted of 14 d of dietary treatment. The diets provided 2 levels of NEL (low energy, 25.0 Mcal/d vs. high energy, 32.5 Mcal/d) and 2 levels of MP (low protein, 1,266 g/d vs. high protein, 2,254 g/d of protein digestible in the intestine) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Performance and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured during the last 5 d of each period, and the mammary net balance was measured on d 13 by collecting 6 sets of blood samples from the left carotid artery and left mammary vein. Mammary plasma flow was measured according to the Fick principle for Phe and Tyr. The mammary net balance of carbon equaled the uptake of nutrients expressed as carbon minus the output of lactose, fatty acids (FA) synthesized in the mammary gland, AA of milk protein, and glycerol-3P from triglyceride on d 13. Milk, lactose, fat, and protein yields increased when NE L and MP supplies increased. However, increasing the NEL supply increased FA synthesis more than increasing the protein supply did. In addition, FA secretion increased more than lactose secretion when the NE L supply increased. Increasing the NEL supply increased the left half-udder uptake of all major energy-yielding nutrients by increasing mammary plasma flow. However, nutrient uptake increased more than milk output did, which in turn increased carbon dioxide output. This increase in nutrient oxidation by the mammary gland decreased the mammary efficiency of nutrients utilization when the NE L supply increased. Increasing MP supply tended to increase glucose up-take through mammary clearance and increased mammary AA uptake with no change in mammary plasma flow. In addition, the protein supply did not change the mammary uptake of acetate or β-hydroxybutyrate. The increase in milk-component secretions in response to either NE L or MP supplies occurred through different metabolic adaptations (increase in mammary plasma flow vs. clearances, respectively). These results suggest that the nutrient use by the mammary gland is highly flexible, which helps in maintaining milk and milk-component yields even with limiting nutrient supplies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jean-Charles Anger) 24 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04557071
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[hal-04622702] Biomarq’Lait: Identification dans le lait de biomarqueurs pour le monitoring du statut nutritionnel de la vache laitière
Le projet BIOMARQ’LAIT visait à identifier des molécules mesurables dans le lait permettant par une approche non-invasive de déterminer la capacité d’adaptation des vaches laitières à un déficit énergétique. Au cours du projet, l’intérêt de nombreux composants du lait a été étudiés dans le lait entier, les globules gras, les vésicules extracellulaires et les cellules épithéliales mammaires. Un panel de biomarqueurs candidats constitué de métabolites, protéines, et micro-ARN a ainsi été constitué. Le projet a ensuite permis le développement d’équations de prédiction des concentrations en trois métabolites d’intérêt à partir des spectres moyen-infrarouge du lait. Enfin, les nouvelles références acquises dans ce projet ont été transmises aux acteurs de la filière par le biais de communications institutionnelles, techniques, et scientifiques. Un kit pédagogique a également été produit pour permettre aux éleveurs et apprenants d’avoir une meilleure connaissance du déficit énergétique chez la vache laitière
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marine Gele) 24 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04622702
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[hal-04533050] Genetic background of body reserves in laying hens through backfat thickness phenotyping
In this study, we pursued three primary objectives: firstly to test and validate the phenotyping of backfat thickness as an indicator of the overall fatness of laying hens; secondly, to estimate genetic parameters for this trait; thirdly, to study the phenotypic and genetic relationships between this trait and other traits related to production and body composition. To address these questions, hens from two lines under divergent selection for residual feed intake, were phenotyped for body weight, body composition traits (backfat, total fat volume, and blood adipokines levels), and egg number. Linear mixed models enabled to estimate variance components and calculate genetic parameters. The two lines largely differed in body fatness: the efficient line had larger backfat and lower chemerin levels compared to the inefficient line. However, there were no significantly differences between the two lines concerning body weight, total fat volume, other blood adipokines levels (adiponectin, ghrelin, and visfatin), and egg production. The genetic parameter estimation revealed moderate heritability (0.38 and 0.42) for backfat and body weight, high heritability (higher than 0.80) for blood adipokines levels and low heritability (0.24 and 0.27) for egg production and total fat volume. The backfat and total fat volume were genetically highly and positively correlated (0.91). The body weight and total fat volume were also highly positively correlated (0.67). However, backfat and body weight were moderately positively correlated (0.39). The genetic correlation between backfat and egg number was moderate and negative. In conclusion, backfat could provide additional genetic information to that of the body weight as a selection criterion for body reserves. However, its correlation with laying performance should be taken into account to avoid undesired responses to selection
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Bédère) 30 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04533050
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[hal-04502991] Meat by-products as a source of bioactive peptides and functional ingredients: Regulatory and safety barriers to valorization
Proposals for sustainable use of meat industry waste and by-products have seen a remarkable growth in recent decade. This paper aims to shed light on the often-overlooked realm of meat by-products, positioning them as an invaluable source of bioactive peptides and functional ingredients. It emphasized on the first part the main strategies for valorization of meat industry by-products into diverse bioactive peptides, and then it introduces in the second part the diverse and current methods of identification and characterization of bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates. While the promise of these macromolecules is immense, the paper focuses and takes an in-depth look in the third part at the regulatory and safety barriers hindering their efficient valorization. By addressing regulatory and safety concerns, this review aims to pave the way for a more sustainable and responsible utilization of meat by-products, ensuring not only the economic viability of the meat sector, but also fostering a holistic and safe approach towards enhanced food and animal production sustainability.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mohammed Gagaoua) 13 Mar 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04502991
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[hal-04536587] The fate of Cu and Zn along the feed-animal-excreta-effluent continuum in swine systems according to feed and effluent treatment strategies
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) have negative environmental impacts as they accumulate in the soil after pig manure is spread. Cu and Zn are essential elements in pig nutrition but due to their low retention rate, more than 90% of ingested Cu and Zn are excreted. A better understanding of the behaviour of these elements throughout the animal-manure-soil continuum according to feed composition and manure management chain is thus required to propose alternative ways to reduce these environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to determine the fate of Cu and Zn throughout this continuum by studying the effect of Cu and Zn contents in animal feed and in the manure management chain based on anaerobic digestion and composting. Faeces were collected from 24 finishing pigs fed with 4 different Cu and Zn dietary levels and sources of supplementation. Samples of faeces were exposed to mesophilic anaerobic digestion or to 5-week composting with straw. Concentrations of Cu and Zn in the faeces were highly dependent on dietary supplies and ranged from 38 to 188 mg Cu/kg DM and from 191 to 728 mg Zn/kg DM. Degradation of a significant fraction of organic matter during treatment led to a significant increase in Cu and Zn concentration relative to the product's dry matter (DM) content, which. Cu and Zn concentrations relative to DM content were twice as high after treatment whatever the content and the form of Cu and Zn dietary supplementation. Otherwise, effluent treatment tended to reduce the possible availability of Cu and Zn in final organic products according to water-extractible contents. This study clearly shows that feed management is the main lever for reducing the amount of Cu and Zn amount in pig effluents and hence in the soil. Appropriate treatment could also facilitate the supply of organic fertilisers to areas with soil deficiency, but feed strategies need to be adapted to the treatment chain to enable the production of good quality organic products that respect EU regulations.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Emma Gourlez) 08 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04536587
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[hal-04628706] Effects of parity and week after calving on the metabolic, redox and immune status of dairy cows
At the onset of lactation in dairy cows, inflammation and oxidative stress may occur and result in a risk of pathologies and lower milk yield. To propose an innovative management strategy for cows during this period, it is essential to better understand these physiological variations. Our objective was to evaluate the metabolic, redox and immune status of 7 primiparous and 8 multiparous Holstein cows during late gestation and the first months of lactation. Blood samples were collected between 3 weeks before calving until 12 weeks postpartum. Milk samples were also collected, but only at the time points after calving. The metabolic (nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB, glucose, urea, calcium) and redox (reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione peroxidase activity, vitamin E) statuses were analyzed in plasma or erythrocytes. The expression of genes related to antioxidant functions was determined in leukocytes collected from milk. For immune status, plasma cytokine levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in classical and regulatory neutrophils were measured in 2 whole blood ex vivo challenges. The data were analyzed using a mixed model that included the fixed effects of parity and week and their interaction. Milk yield, plasma NEFA and BHB in wk 2 and 4 after calving were higher in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows, whereas glucose and calcium tended to be lower. Plasma ROM and OSI levels in wk 8 were higher in multiparous than in primiparous cows. Multiparous cows also displayed higher glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes, and antioxidant transcription factor and superoxide dismutase-1 expression levels in milk leukocytes. Moreover, multiparous cows had higher plasma concentrations of vitamin E but lower plasma levels of cytokines CXCL10, CCL2, IL1Ralpha and IFNgamma. Following ex vivo whole blood stimulation with Escherichia coli, lower IL1alpha and TNFalpha levels were measured in multiparous than in primiparous cows. Intracellular ROS production by neutrophils was lower in multiparous than in primiparous cows. These results thus indicated marked physiological changes in wk 8 compared with wk 2 and 4 of lactation. These differences in the physiological status of primiparous and multiparous cows offer interesting perspectives for potential dietary strategies to prevent pathologies which take account of parity and week relative to calving.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Angélique Corset) 28 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04628706
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[hal-04299155] Challenges and future perspectives for the European grading of pig carcasses – A quality view
This study sought to evaluate pig carcass grading, describing the existing approaches and definitions, and highlighting the vision for overall quality grading. In particular, the current state of pig carcass grading in the European Union (SEUROP system), its weaknesses, and the challenges to achieve more uniformity and harmonization across member states were described, and a broader understanding of pig carcass value, which includes a vision for the inclusion of meat quality aspects in the grading, was discussed. Finally, the noninvasive methods for the on-line evaluation of pig carcass and meat quality (hereafter referred to as pork quality), and the conditions for their application were discussed. As the way pigs are raised (especially in terms of animal welfare and environmental impact), and more importantly, their perception of pork quality, is becoming increasingly important to consumers, the ideal grading of pigs should comprise pork quality aspects. As a result, a forwardlooking "overall quality" approach to pork grading was proposed herein, in which grading systems would be based on the shared vision for pork quality (carcass and meat quality) among stakeholders in the pig industry and driven by consumer expectations with respect to the product. Emerging new technologies provide the technical foundation for such perspective; however, integrating all knowledge and technologies for their practical application to an "overall quality" grading approach is a major challenge. Nonetheless, such approach aligns with the recent vision of Industry 5.0, i.e. a model for the next level of industrialization that is human-centric, resilient, and sustainable.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marjeta Čandek-Potokar) 22 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04299155
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[hal-04456512] Biopreservation of pre-processed fresh fish by bio-based coatings
The demand for pre-processed fresh fishery products is growing due to their convenience for subsequent processing and cooking. However, when improperly stored, the combined impacts of microbial deterioration and chemical reactions render them inedible, leading to significant food waste. To tackle this issue, several approaches have been proposed, among which bio-based edible coating provides a promising solution with a green approach. Edible coatings are formed of bio-based polymers, particularly using macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides that are biodegradable, edible, and can serve as carriers for naturally sourced active agents. Coatings made from a variety of proteins and polysaccharides with the main focus on gelatin and chitosan to preserve pre-processed fish products are discussed in this review along with their properties from the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory perspectives. Coating carriers and composite natural preservatives as well as formula optimization and investigation of coating mechanisms, challenges, and potential research prospects have been further reviewed. Overall, edible coatings with active substances can be used to efficiently preserve freshly pre-processed fish. The underlying mechanisms are multiple, and the applications were mainly for preventing or reducing moisture loss and purge accumulation, postponing microbial spoilage, and restricting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, slowing and/or inhibiting lipid, protein, and pigment oxidation, and extending the shelf-life along with improving sensory properties. Edible coatings are viewed as ecologically friendly and sustainable packaging alternatives for the preservation of pre-processed fish products.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Don Hettiarachchige Udana Eranda) 19 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04456512
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[hal-04604803] In-depth exploration of the high and normal pH beef proteome: First insights emphasizing the dynamic protein changes in longissimus thoracis muscle from pasture-finished Nellore bulls over different postmortem times
This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the temporal dynamic changes in early postmortem proteome of normal and high ultimate pH (pHu) beef samples from the same cattle using a shotgun proteomics approach. Ten selected carcasses classified as normal (pHu &lt; 5.8; n = 5) or high (pHu ≥ 6.2; n = 5) pHu beef from pasture finished Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) bulls were sampled from Longissimus thoracis muscle at 30 min, 9 h and 44 h postmortem for proteome comparison. The temporal proteomics profiling quantified 863 proteins, from which 251 were differentially abundant (DAPs) between high and normal pHu at 30 min (n = 33), 9 h (n = 181) and 44 h (n = 37). Among the myriad interconnected pathways regulating pH decline during postmortem metabolism, this study revealed the pivotal role of energy metabolism, cellular response to stress, oxidoreductase activity and muscle system process pathways throughout the early postmortem. Twenty-three proteins overlap among postmortem times and may be suggested as candidate biomarkers to the dark-cutting condition development. The study further evidenced for the first time the central role of ribosomal proteins and histones in the first minutes after animal bleeding. Moreover, this study revealed the disparity in the mechanisms underpinning the development of dark-cutting beef condition among postmortem times, emphasizing multiple dynamic changes in the muscle proteome. Therefore, this study revealed important insights regarding the temporal dynamic changes that occur in early postmortem of high and normal muscle pHu beef, proposing specific pathways to determine the biological mechanisms behind dark-cutting determination.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Iliani Patinho) 07 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04604803
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[hal-04389098] Calculating herbage utilization and intake by dairy cows under subtropical conditions using conventional field measurement techniques or the HerbValo method
This study aimed to evaluate the HerbValo method in comparison to conventional field measurement techniques as a tool for estimating the herbage utilization and dry matter (DM) intake by grazing dairy cows under subtropical conditions. It was carried out during 18 months in a commercial farm of Southern Brazil. The herbage utilization was estimated monthly in two to four randomly selected paddocks (total n = 40) using the rising-plate meter or the double-sampling technique. In parallel, the herbage utilization was estimated by the HerbValo method, which is based on simple descriptions of the herd, supplements, pasture and grazing management. Values of herbage utilization estimated by field techniques were linearly (P < 0.01) related to those estimated by HerbValo, with no effect of pasture type (tropical vs. temperate) on the origin or on the slope of the regression (slope = 0.97; origin = -0.1; R-2 = 0.81; rsd = 0.17 t DM/ha). At cow x day level, values of herbage intake estimated by field techniques were also linearly related to those estimated by HerbValo (P < 0.01; R-2 = 0.82; rsd = 1.30 kg DM/cow/day). A negative linear relationship (P < 0.01) between herbage and supplement intake was obtained for both field (slope = -1.06; R-2 = 0.72; rsd = 1.64) and HerbValo (slope = -0.92; R-2 = 0.82; rsd = 1.08) approaches. Herbage utilization and intake by a dairy herd in a subtropical grazing-based system can be reliably estimated by the HerbValo method with the advantage of not requiring direct field pasture measurements.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Letícia Wlodarski) 11 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04389098
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[hal-04565725] Barriers and drivers of farmers to provide outdoor access in pig farming systems: a qualitative study
Part of the farmers have chosen to raise pigs with outdoor access. However, providing outdoor access to pigs is not a simple matter, and many farmers are hesitating or feel powerless to engage in this transition. A better understanding of their needs and challenges could facilitate the development of innovations that generate commitment. This survey aimed to identify the French pig farmers’ barriers to and drivers for providing outdoor access to pigs. A total of 36 farmers, aged 25–60, who worked in all types of pig farming systems (from full indoor to free-range) participated in a semi-structured interview that lasted 1.25–2.25 h. The topics covered included a historical overview, a description of the farm and practices, as well as opinions about the impact of outdoor access on farmers, animals, production and economic performance, environment, and society. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Most of the participants agreed that rearing pigs indoors is a different job from that of rearing pigs with outdoor access and that it is above all a matter of choice, farmer work conception, and work comfort. Farmers generally agreed that working outdoors is particularly arduous, but this could be compensated by the satisfaction of being in contact with nature and seeing animals in a more complex environment. A large majority of farmers managing a system with outdoor access raised the issue of lack of support, highlighting the need for refinement and diffusion of guides of practices as well as day-to-day support. The impact of outdoor access on the health and welfare of pigs was discussed, especially regarding climatic hazards and the risk of zoonoses, and several outdoor farmers explained how their relationship with the animals changes when pigs are raised outside. Given that zootechnical performance may significantly decrease in farms with outdoor access, various strategies can be employed to maintain profitability, such as feed production, circularity, direct sales, or work diversification. They could be either motivating or demotivating factors depending on the individuals. Concerns about social criticism were prominent among many indoor farmers while farmers providing outdoor access generally felt more serene and proud. Overall, this study can serve as a basis to identify levers that could remove barriers, foster the adherence of more farmers, and facilitate the transition towards more pig farming systems with outdoor access, provided that those systems are viable and beneficial for the welfare and health of the animals and farmers.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sophie Brajon) 02 May 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04565725
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[hal-04495509] Quel modèle pour couvrir ses besoins dans le cadre d’une alimentation durable ? Focus sur les protéines et le calcium
La société se trouve confrontée à de nouveaux enjeux planétaires rendant nécessaires des modifications de nos systèmes alimentaires. La SFN, avec le soutien financier de Bel, a organisé un webinaire sur les modèles de régimes alimentaires permettant de couvrir les besoins nutritionnels dans le cadre d’une alimentation durable, avec un focus sur les protéines et le calcium. Cette session s’est tenue en digital le 21 juin 2023.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Bernard Guy-Grand) 08 Mar 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04495509
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[hal-04579500] Feed restriction affects milk performances and decreases milk lipolysis in dairy ewes
Spontaneous lipolysis results in the breakdown of milk fat by the lipoprotein lipase (LPL; EC: 3.1.1.34), an enzyme present in milk. Free fatty acids (FFA) and by-products released in milk during lipolysis can alter both the organoleptic value of milk (off-flavours release) and technological properties of dairy products (decrease in creaming capabilities). Current climate change is having significant impacts on the feeding of grazing animals, with negative consequences on the availability and quality of grass. We and others have demonstrated that dietary restriction increases milk lipolysis in the cow species. However, no data about the impact of feed restriction on milk lipolysis is available in the ewe species. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the effect of feed restriction on milk characteristics with regard to lipolysis values in dairy ewes. Two groups of 24 multiparous Lacaune ewes in mid-lactation received a “non-restricted” (NON RESTR) control diet (100 % of ad libitum DM intake) or a “restricted” (RESTR) diet (65 % of ad libitum DM intake) according to a 2 X 2 crossover design. Milk gross composition together with lipolysis analyses were performed. Blood samples were also screened for metabolites or hormones concentrations. The RESTR treatment induced a decrease in milk production (- 21 % compared with control treatment) and a modification of the metabolism of dairy ewes characterized by an increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), which represents the balance between adipose tissue mobilization and the use of NEFA by other tissues (+ 153 %), cholesterol (+ 17 %) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (+ 4 %) levels. As a result, a decrease in body weight of dairy ewes was observed (- 7 %). Feed restriction also resulted in a decrease in milk lipolysis estimated by the milk FFA measured by the copper-soap method (- 63 % and - 62 %, respectively for morning and evening milking) or by the reference Bureau of Dairy Industry (BDI) method (- 51 % and – 57 %, respectively for morning and evening milking). The decrease in milk spontaneous lipolysis under feed restriction was not associated with a decrease in lipoprotein lipase activity in ewes. These results will be completed with proteomic and lipidomic studies in milk samples to better understand mechanisms initiated in the ewe species specifically with regard to lipolysis in milk.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laurence Bernard) 28 Jun 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04579500
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[hal-04455106] One-shot technology for 3D imaging of large animals: perspectives for ruminant management
In numerous systems of animal production, there is increasing interest in the use of 3D imaging technology on farms for its ability to easily and safely measure traits of interest on living animals. With this information, it is possible to evaluate multiple morphological indicators of interest, either directly or indirectly, and follow them through time. Several tools for this purpose were developed, but one of their main weaknesses was their sensitivity to light and animal movement, which limited their potential for large-scale application on farms. To address this, a new device, called Deffilait3D and based on depth camera technology, was developed. In tests on 31 Holstein dairy cows and 13 Holstein heifers, the values generated for most measured indicators were highly repeatable and reproducible, with coefficients of variation lower than 4%. A comparison of measurements obtained from both Deffilait3D and previous validated system, called Morpho3D, revealed a high degree of similarity for most selected traits, e.g., less than 0.2% variation for animal volume and 1.2% for chest depth, with the highest degree of difference (8%) noted for animal surface area. Previously published equations used to estimate body weight with the Morpho3D device were equally valid using Deffilait3D. This new device was able to record 3D images regardless of the movement of animals and it is affected only by direct daylight. The on-going step is now to develop methods for automated analysis and extraction from images, which should enable the rapid development of new tools and potentially lead to the large-scale adoption of this type of device on commercial farms.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yannick Le Cozler) 13 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04455106
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[hal-04356432] Epigenetics, genes and the environment: what importance for breeding practices and selection methods in poultry?
Epigenetics is commonly defined as the set of molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression regulation that are reversible and transmissible during development, and sometimes between generations, without altering the DNA sequence. Several epigenetic marks involved in chromatin regulation are now well known, such as the methylation of DNA cytosines, histone post -translational modifications, and non -coding RNA. Thanks to the technological development of high -throughput DNA sequencing, epigenetic marks can now be investigated at the whole-genome scale. It is also well known that the epigenome (the whole set of epigenetic marks in a tissue) is sensitive to environmental fluctuations, including temperature or nutrition, and can be considered as a mediator between the genes and the environment. Phenotypic programming strategies based on epigenetic mechanisms could thus be used as a lever to adjust the phenotype of individuals with their living conditions. Moreover, over the last decades, genetic selection has contributed to a considerable improvement in animal performances. Although the genetic component can be estimated with some accuracy, a large part of the phenotypic variability, considered to be of environmental origin, is not directly accessible by genetic approaches. In a context of diversification of production environments (climate change, production methods that are more respectful of welfare and the environment...), it is necessary to understand the impact of the environment on phenotypic variation via epigenetic marks, to optimize breeding systems and to predict the phenotype of an animal. Like genomic selection a few years ago, the contribution of epigenetic research could contribute to more efficient and sustainable production systems in poultry farming.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Vincent Coustham) 20 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04356432
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[hal-04131807] Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing technologies as an alternative to low-density SNP chips for genomic selection: a simulation study in layer chickens
To reduce the cost of genomic selection, a low-density (LD) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip can be used in combination with imputation for genotyping selection candidates instead of using a high-density (HD) SNP chip. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have been increasingly used in livestock species but remain expensive for routine use for genomic selection. An alternative and cost-efficient solution is to use restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) techniques to sequence only a fraction of the genome using restriction enzymes. From this perspective, use of RADseq techniques followed by an imputation step on HD chip as alternatives to LD chips for genomic selection was studied in a pure layer line. Results Genome reduction and sequencing fragments were identified on reference genome using four restriction enzymes (EcoRI, TaqI, AvaII and PstI) and a double-digest RADseq (ddRADseq) method (TaqI-PstI). The SNPs contained in these fragments were detected from the 20X sequence data of the individuals in our population. Imputation accuracy on HD chip with these genotypes was assessed as the mean correlation between true and imputed genotypes. Several production traits were evaluated using single-step GBLUP methodology. The impact of imputation errors on the ranking of the selection candidates was assessed by comparing a genomic evaluation based on ancestry using true HD or imputed HD genotyping. The relative accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) was investigated by considering the GEBVs estimated on offspring as a reference. With AvaII or PstI and ddRADseq with TaqI and PstI, more than 10 K SNPs were detected in common with the HD SNP chip, resulting in an imputation accuracy greater than 0.97. The impact of imputation errors on genomic evaluation of the breeders was reduced, with a Spearman correlation greater than 0.99. Finally, the relative accuracy of GEBVs was equivalent. Conclusions RADseq approaches can be interesting alternatives to low-density SNP chips for genomic selection. With more than 10 K SNPs in common with the SNPs of the HD SNP chip, good imputation and genomic evaluation results can be obtained. However, with real data, heterogeneity between individuals with missing data must be considered.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Florian Herry) 17 Jun 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04131807
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[hal-04323941] Nouvelles références sur l'herbe valorisée au pâturage grâce à la méthode HerbValo
L'outil HerbValo a été créé pour calculer la quantité d'herbe valorisée dans les parcelles pâturées sans avoir à y réaliser de mesures. Plus de 400 parcelles ont été suivies avec cette méthode en 2018 et 2019 pour créer un premier référentiel de l'herbe valorisée à l'échelle des régions partenaires et décrire la variabilité observée. En moyenne, ce sont 6,1t MS (Matière Sèche) d'herbe qui ont été valorisées par hectare et par an sur les parcelles suivies avec une variabilité importante (coefficient de variation interparcelles de 43 %). La région, la profondeur de sol, l'âge de la prairie et la présence d'au moins une fauche par an sont les principaux facteurs qui expliquent cette variabilité. La méthode HerbValo s'est révélée plus robuste que la méthode de la biomasse disparue pour estimer l'herbe valorisée, offrant ainsi des perspectives d'utilisation moins chronophages pour disposer de cette valeur tant en fermes expérimentales que commerciales.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Stéphanie Guibert) 05 Dec 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04323941
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[hal-04315092] Can healthy diets be achieved worldwide in 2050 without farmland expansion?
This paper analyses to what extent it would be possible to ensure food availability to the world population by 2050 with two objectives: healthy diets and no farmland expansion. Assumptions were made to project exogenous demand and supply variables. Climate change impacts on crop yields, grazing use intensities and maximum cultivable areas were taken into account. Cropland and pastureland needs were then estimated for 21 regions using a global biomass balance model. Simulation results established for two sets of crop yield projections (‘moderate’ versus ‘high’ growth) show that several regions (India, Rest of Asia, Near- and Middle-East countries and North Africa, as well as West Africa in the case of ‘moderate’ yield growth) would be constrained by their maximum cultivable areas with no deforestation. Our scenarios would be technically infeasible because of additional pastureland needs notably in sub-Saharan Africa. As a consequence, we analyse to what extent additional levers could reduce pastureland needs in sub-Saharan Africa.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Agneta Forslund) 30 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04315092
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[hal-04370809] Estimation of carcass chemical composition in beef-on-dairy cattle using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of cold half-carcass or 11th rib cut
The aim of the present study was to estimate the chemical composition (water, lipid, protein, mineral, and energy contents) of carcasses measured postmortem using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of cold half-carcass or 11th rib cut. One hundred and twenty beefon-dairy (dam: Swiss Brown, sire: Angus, Limousin, or Simmental) bulls (n = 66), heifers (n = 42), and steers (n = 12) were included in the study. The reference carcass composition measured after grinding, homogenization, and chemical analyses was estimated from DXA variables using simple or multiple linear regressions with model training on 70% (n = 84) and validation on 30% (n = 36) of the observations. In the validation step, the estimates of water and protein masses from the half-carcass (R 2 = 0.998 and 0.997; root mean square error of prediction [RMSEP], 1.0 and 0.5 kg, respectively) and 11th rib DXA scans (R 2 = 0.997 and 0.996; RMSEP, 1.5 and 0.5 kg, respectively) were precise. Lipid mass was estimated precisely from the half-carcass DXA scan (R 2 = 0.990; RMSEP = 1.0 kg) with a slightly lower precision from the 11th rib DXA scan (R 2 = 0.968; RMSEP = 1.7 kg). Mineral mass was estimated from half-carcass (R² = 0.975 and RMSEP = 0.3 kg) and 11th rib DXA scans (R 2 = 0.947 and RMSEP = 0.4 kg). For the energy content, the R 2 values ranged from 0.989 (11th rib DXA scan) to 0.996 (half-carcass DXA scan), and the RMSEP ranged from 36 (half-carcass) to 55 MJ (11th rib). The proportions of water, lipids, and energy in the carcasses were also precisely estimated (R 2 ≥ 0.882) using either the half-carcass (RMSEP ≤ 1.0%) or 11th rib-cut DXA scans (RMSEP ≤ 1.3%). Precision was lower for the protein and mineral proportions (R 2 ≤ 0.794, RMSEP ≤ 0.5%). The cattle category (sex and breed of sire) effect was observed only in some estimative models for proportions from the 11th rib cut. In conclusion, DXA imaging of either a cold half-carcass or 11th rib cut is a precise method for estimating the chemical composition of carcasses from beef-on-dairy cattle.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Caroline Xavier) 03 Jan 2024
https://institut-agro-rennes-angers.hal.science/hal-04370809
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[hal-04409031] Getting to grips with Resilience: Towards large-scale phenotyping of this complex trait
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas N.C. Friggens) 22 Jan 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04409031
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[hal-04193855] Datasets on the nutritional and environmental (including biodiversity) characteristics of food products consumed in France
Analysing the nutritional and environmental impacts of our current diets and promoting sustainable dietary shifts require quantified data on the characteristics of foods. We have jointly studied environmental and nutritional performances of more than 200 generic foods consumed in France, by combining and completing different databases. Several environmental issues calculated by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were selected, including impacts on biodiversity. This required to (1) model diets for given subpopulations; (2) adapt the LCA database of food products, Agribalyse 3.0, to link selected food and environmental inventories (3) compile characterization factors to assess impacts on biodiversity. Additionally, modifying Agribalyse 3.0 required to also modify the characterization method on Land Competition. This data paper compiles all the data used to obtain the results presented in the companion article entitled: Environmental trade-offs of fulfilling nutritionally adequacy with reduced animal protein share for French adult populations [1]; i.e. (i) the characterization methods used, (ii) the modifications made to Agribalyse 3.0 and (iii) the nutrient content and quantities consumed of generic foods (iv) the optimized quantities of simulated diets reaching nutrient recommendations with low share of animal-based proteins. It also comprises (iv) Life Cycle Impact Assessment for all Agribalyse 3.0 processes of food having a CIQUAL code (2,497 processes).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Samuel Le Féon) 01 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04193855
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[hal-04217636] Fourth report on chicken genes and chromosomes 2022
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jacqueline Smith) 26 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04217636
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[hal-04178183] Quality of animal-source foods: lessons from a collective scientific expertise
This article critically reviews the state of knowledge on the quality of animal-source foods according to animal production and food processing conditions, including consumer expectations-behaviours and the effects of consumption of animal-source foods on human health. Quality has been defined through seven core attributes: safety, commercial, sensory, nutritional, technological, convenience, and image. Image covers ethical cultural and environmental dimensions associated with the origin of the food and the way it is produced and processed. This framework enables to highlight the priorities given to the different quality attributes. It also helps to identify potential antagonisms and synergies among quality attributes, between production and processing stages, and among stakeholders. Primacy is essentially given to commercial quality attributes, especially for standard-commodity animal-source foods. This primacy has strongly influenced genetic selection and farming practices in all livestock commodity chains and enabled substantial quantitative gains, although at the expense of other quality traits. Focal issues are the destructuring of chicken muscle that compromises sensory, nutritional and image quality attributes, and the fate of males in the egg and dairy sectors, which have heavily specialized their animals. Quality can be gained but can also be lost throughout the farm-to-fork continuum. Our review highlights critical factors and periods throughout animal production and food processing routes, such as on-farm practices, notably animal feeding, pre-slaughter and slaughter phases, food processing techniques, and food formulation. It also reveals on-farm and processing factors that create antagonisms among quality attributes, such as the castration of male pigs, the substitution of marine-source feed by plant-based feed in fish, and the use of sodium nitrite in meat processing. These antagonisms require scientific data to identify trade-offs among quality attributes and/or solutions to help overcome these tensions. There are also food products that value synergies between quality attributes and between production and processing phases, particularly Geographical Indications. Human epidemiological studies have found associations between consumption of animal-source foods and increased or decreased risk for chronic non-communicable diseases. These associations have informed public health recommendations. However, they have not yet considered animal production and food processing conditions. A concerted and collaborative effort is needed from scientists working in animal science, food process engineering, consumer science, human nutrition and epidemiology in order to address this research gap. Avenues for research and main options for policy action are discussed.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sophie Prache) 07 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04178183
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[hal-04037306] Stress at slaughter: a key factor in the determination of meat quality?
With these papers, this Special Issue illustrates the effects of stress on various meat quality traits in very different settings and species, including pigs, catfish, game species, fowl, and cattle. The stressors described were of very different types, often with both a psychological and physical origin. This knowledge should help designing protocols trying to unravel the complex factors that determine meat quality traits, by including stress measurements of the animals from which the meat will be studied. The reduction in stress before slaughter is likely to improve meat quality. The reduction in stress before slaughter should certainly be the objective for ethical reasons.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Claudia Terlouw) 20 Mar 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04037306
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[hal-03965647] A blend of functional amino acids and grape polyphenols improves the pig capacity to cope with an inflammatory challenge caused by poor hygiene of housing conditions
Background: Dietary supplementation with a blend of functional amino acids (AA) and grape extract polyphenols contributes to preserve intestinal health and growth performance of piglets during the post-weaning period. In the present experiment, we assessed if a supplementation with a mix of AA and grape extract polyphenols during the post-weaning period would persist to improve the pig capacity to cope with a subsequent challenge caused by poor hygiene of housing conditions. Eighty pigs weaned at 28 days of age were fed a standard diet supplemented (AAP) or not (CNT) with 0.2% of a blend of AA (glutamine, arginine, cystine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine) and grape extract polyphenols during the post-weaning period (from week 0 to 6). At week 6, pigs were transferred to a growing unit where 50% of pigs previously fed AAP and CNT diets were housed in good and the other 50% in poor hygiene conditions for 3 weeks (from week 7 to 9; challenge period). All pigs were fed a standard growing diet that was not supplemented with AAP. We measured pig growth performance, plasma indicators of inflammation, digestive integrity, and oxidative status, and scored fecal consistency. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Results One week post-weaning, pigs fed AAP had lower plasma concentrations of haptoglobin than CNT pigs ( P = 0.03). Six weeks post-weaning, plasma concentrations of diamine oxidase (DAO) were lower ( P = 0.03) whereas those of vitamin E and A were greater ( P ≤ 0.05) in pigs fed AAP compared to CNT pigs. The prevalence of diarrhea was higher in CNT pigs compared to AAP pigs ( P < 0.01). During the challenge period, only pigs previously fed CNT diet had lower growth rate in poor than good conditions ( P ≤ 0.05). They had also greater plasma concentrations of haptoglobin and oxidative stress index (OSI) and lower plasma concentrations of vitamin E in poor than good hygiene conditions ( P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Pigs fed AAP diet during post-weaning had less diarrhea and plasma concentrations of a digestive integrity marker, as well as greater plasma concentrations of antioxidant indicators during the post-weaning period. The beneficial effects of AAP supplementation persisted after the post-weaning period as evidenced by the absence of effects of the hygiene challenge on growth and health indicators in pigs previously fed APP. This clearly indicated a greater ability of pigs fed AAP to cope with the poor hygiene conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alícia Zem Fraga) 31 Jan 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03965647
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[hal-03899905] A marginal abatement cost curve for climate change mitigation by additional carbon storage in French agricultural land
Following the Paris agreement in 2015, the European Union (EU) set a carbon neutrality objective by 2050, and so did France. The French agricultural sector can contribute as a carbon sink through carbon storage in biomass and soil, in addition to reducing GHG emissions. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the additional storage potential and cost of a set of eight carbon-storing practices. The impacts of these agricultural practices on soil organic carbon storage and crop production are assessed at a very fine spatial scale, using crop and grassland models. The associated area base, GHG budget, and implementation costs are assessed and aggregated at the region level. The economic model BANCO uses this information to derive the marginal abatement cost curve for France and identify the combination of carbon storing practices that minimizes the total cost of achieving a given national net GHG mitigation target. We find that a substantial amount of carbon, 36.2 to 52.9 MtCO2e yr-1, can be stored in soil and biomass for reasonable carbon prices of 55 and 250 € tCO2e-1, respectively (corresponding to current and 2030 French carbon value for climate action), mainly by developing agroforestry and hedges, generalising cover crops, and introducing or extending temporary grasslands in crop sequences. This finding questions the 3-5 times lower target of 10 MtCO2e.yr-1 retained for the agricultural carbon sink by the French climate neutrality strategy. Overall, this would decrease total French GHG emissions by 9.2 to 13.8%, respectively (reference year 2019).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Laure Bamière) 15 Dec 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03899905
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[hal-03929067] On the use of impedance detuning for gastrointestinal segment tracking of ingestible capsules
During their travel through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, ingestible antennas encounter detuning in their impedance response due to varying electromagnetic (EM) properties of the surrounding tissues. This communication investigates the possibility of using this impedance detuning to detect in which segment of the GI tract—stomach, small intestine, or large intestine—the capsule is located. Meandered dipole antennas operating in the 433 MHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band are designed for this purpose. The antennas conform to the inner surface of 3-D printed polylactic acid (PLA) capsules with a shell thickness of 0.6 or 0.4 mm. The impedance response is first optimized numerically in a homogeneous cylindrical phantom with time-averaged EM properties. The magnitude and the phase of the reflection coefficient are then obtained in different tissues and compared with simulations and measurements. The experimental demonstration is carried out first using tissue-mimicking liquids and then in a recently deceased ex vivo porcine model. The minimum change in the phase between different GI tissues was determined to be around 10° in the porcine model, indicating that the changes in the impedance response, particularly the changes in the phase, provide sufficient information to follow the position of the capsule in the GI tract.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Erdem Cil) 14 Mar 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03929067
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[hal-03960291] Développement des modèles de culture cellulaire de muscle en 3D : de nouvelles opportunités pour les productions animales
Le muscle squelettique est organisé en faisceau de fibres musculaires de différentes tailles et parcouru par des réseaux vasculaires et nerveux. Les cellules satellites sont des cellules souches logées le long des fibres musculaires et sont à la base des progéniteurs myogéniques (myoblastes). Les cellules satellites peuvent être aisément extraites du muscle et cultivées. Les modèles typiques de culture en deux dimensions (2D) de cellules dérivées du muscle squelettique ne peuvent pas recréer complètement l’organisation et la fonction des tissus musculaires vivants, ce qui limite leurs utilités dans les études physiologiques approfondies. Le développement de modèles de culture 3D fonctionnels offre une opportunité unique pour mimer les tissus vivants et modéliser les maladies musculaires. À cet égard, ce nouveau type de modèles in vitro augmente significativement notre compréhension de l’implication des différentes populations cellulaires dans la formation du muscle squelettique et de leurs interactions, ainsi que les modalités de réponse d’un muscle pathologique à de nouvelles thérapies. Ce deuxième point pourrait conduire à l’identification de traitements efficaces. Dans cette synthèse, nous traitons des progrès significatifs qui ont été réalisés ces dernières années pour concevoir des structures ressemblant à des tissus musculaires, fournissant des outils utiles pour étudier le comportement des cellules souches résidentes. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au développement de systèmes basés sur des « myosphères » et des faisceaux de fibres ou « myobundles » ainsi que sur les systèmes de bio-impression. Les protocoles de stimulation électrique/mécanique et les systèmes de co-culture développés pour améliorer le processus et les fonctionnalités de maturation des tissus seront également présentés. La formation de tissus musculaires biomimétiques représente une nouvelle tech-ologie pour étudier la fonction et l’organisation spatiale des muscles squelettiques dans un grand nombre de contextes physiologiques, pathologiques et agronomiques.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Frederic Dessauge) 27 Jan 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03960291
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[hal-04214047] Animal board invited review: Quantification of resilience in farm animals
Resilience, when defined as the capacity of an animal to respond to short-term environmental challenges and to return to the prechallenge status, is a dynamic and complex trait. Resilient animals can reinforce the capacity of the herd to cope with often fluctuating and unpredictable environmental conditions. The ability of modern technologies to simultaneously record multiple performance measures of individual animals over time is a huge step forward to evaluate the resilience of farm animals. However, resilience is not directly measurable and requires mathematical models with biologically meaningful parameters to obtain quantitative resilience indicators. Furthermore, interpretive models may also be needed to determine the periods of perturbation as perceived by the animal. These applications do not require explicit knowledge of the origin of the perturbations and are developed based on real-time information obtained in the data during and outside the perturbation period. The main objective of this paper was to review and illustrate with examples, different modelling approaches applied to this new generation of data (i.e., with high-frequency recording) to detect and quantify animal responses to perturbations. Case studies were developed to illustrate alternative approaches to real-time and post-treatment of data. In addition, perspectives on the use of hybrid models for better understanding and predicting animal resilience are presented. Quantification of resilience at the individual level makes possible the inclusion of this trait into future breeding programmes. This would allow improvement of the capacity of animals to adapt to a changing environment, and therefore potentially reduce the impact of disease and other environmental stressors on animal welfare. Moreover, such quantification allows the farmer to tailor the management strategy to help individual animals to cope with the perturbation, hence reducing the use of pharmaceuticals, and decreasing the level of pain of the animal.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M. Taghipoor) 21 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04214047
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[hal-04133576] Maternal age, parity and nursing status at fertilization affects post-partum lactation up to weaning in horses
Nulliparity is associated with intra-uterine growth retardation and foal delayed catch-up growth. Older mares produce larger/taller foals than the precedents. Nursing at conception on foal growth had not been investigated yet. In any case, milk production conditions the foal's growth. This study aimed to determine effects of mare parity, age and nursing on subsequent lactation quantity and quality. Saddlebred mares and their foals (N=43) run as a single herd over the same year were: young (6-7-year-old) primiparous, young multiparous, old (10-16-year-old) multiparous nursing at insemination time or old multiparous barren the previous year. No young nursing nor old multiparous mares were available. Colostrum was collected. Milk production and foal weight were monitored at 3-, 30-, 60-, 90- and 180-days post-foaling. The foal average daily weight gain (ADG) was calculated for each period between 2 measurements. Milk fatty acid (FA), sodium, potassium, total protein and lactose contents were determined. The primiparous vs multiparous colostrum was richer in immunoglobulin G, with lower production but greater FA contents in milk. The primiparous foals had a lower ADG for 3-30 days post-partum period. Old mares' colostrum contained more SFA and less polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) whereas their milk was richer in proteins and sodium and poorer in short-chain-SFA with a reduced PUFA/SFA ratio at 90 days. Nursing mares' colostrum was richer in MUFA and PUFA and late-lactation milk production was reduced. In conclusion, parity, age and nursing at conception affect mare's colostrum and milk production and foal growth and should be considered for broodmares' management.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Emilie Derisoud) 20 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04133576
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[hal-04028254] Post-mortem muscle proteome of crossbred bulls and steers: Relationships with carcass and meat quality
This study investigated the skeletal muscle proteome of crossbred bulls and steers with the aim of explaining the differences in carcass and meat quality traits. Therefore, 640 post-weaning Angus-Nellore calves were fed a high-energy diet for a period of 180 days. In the feedlot trial, comparisons of steers (n = 320) and bulls (n = 320) showed lower (P < 0.01) average daily gain (1.38 vs. 1.60 ± 0.05 kg/d), final body weight (547.4 vs. 585.1 ± 9.3 kg), which resulted in lower hot carcass weight (298.4 vs. 333.7 ± 7.7 kg) and ribeye area (68.6 vs. 81.0 ± 2.56 cm2). Steers had higher (P < 0.01) carcass fatness, meat color parameters (L*, a*, b*, chroma (C*), hue (h°)) and lower ultimate pH. Moreover, lower (P < 0.01) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were observed in steers compared to bulls (WBSF = 3.68 vs. 4.97 ± 0.08 kg; and 3.19 vs. 4.08 ± 0.08 kg). The proteomic approach using two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics procedures revealed several differentially expressed proteins between steers and bulls (P < 0.05). Interconnected pathways and substantial changes were revealed in biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components between the post-mortem muscle proteomes of the compared animals. Steers had increased (P < 0.05) abundance of proteins related to energy metabolism (CKM, ALDOA, and GAPDH), and bulls had greater abundance of proteins associated with catabolic (glycolysis) processes (PGM1); oxidative stress (HSP60, HSPA8 and GSTP1); and muscle structure and contraction (TNNI2 and TNNT3). The better carcass (fatness and marbling degree) and meat quality traits (tenderness and color parameters) of steers were associated with higher abundance of key proteins of energy metabolism and lower abundance of enzymes related to catabolic processes, oxidative stress, and proteins of muscle contraction
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Bismarck Santiago) 12 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04028254
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[hal-03970276] Feeding pigs amino acids as protein-bound or in free form influences postprandial concentrations of amino acids, metabolites, and insulin
Dietary proteins need to be digested first while free amino acids (AAs) and small peptides are readily available for absorption and rapidly appear in the blood. The rapid postprandial appearance of dietary AA in the systemic circulation may result in inefficient AA utilisation for protein synthesis of peripheral tissues if other nutrients implicated in AA and protein metabolism are not available at the same time. The objective of this experiment was to compare the postprandial concentrations of plasma AA and other metabolites after the ingestion of a diet that provided AA either as proteins or as free AA and small peptides. Twenty-four male growing pigs (38.8 ± 2.67 kg) fitted with a jugular catheter were assigned to one of three diets that provided AA either in protein form (INT), free AA and small peptides (HYD), or as free AA (FAA). After an overnight fast and initial blood sampling, a small meal was given to each pig followed by serial blood collection for 360 min. Postprandial concentrations of plasma AA, glucose, insulin, and urea were then measured from the collected blood. Non-linear regression was used to summarise the postprandial plasma AA kinetics. Fasting concentrations of urea and some AA were higher (P < 0.05) while postprandial plasma insulin and glucose were lower (P < 0.01) for INT than for HYD and FAA. The area under the curve of plasma concentration after meal distribution was lower for INT for most AAs (P < 0.05), resulting in a flatter curve compared to HYD and FAA. This was the result of the slower appearance of dietary AA in the plasma when proteins are fed instead of free AA and small peptides. The flatter curve may also result from more AAs being metabolised by the intestine and liver when INT was fed. The metabolism of AA of the intestine and liver was higher for HYD than FAA. Providing AA as proteins or as free AA and small peptides affected the postprandial plasma kinetics of AA, urea, insulin, and glucose. Whether the flat kinetics when feeding proteins has a positive or negative effect on AA metabolism still needs to be explored.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Francis Amman Eugenio) 26 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03970276
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[hal-04123407] Physiological traits of newborn piglets associated with colostrum intake, neonatal survival and preweaning growth
Colostrum intake, which is critical for piglet survival after birth and growth up to weaning, greatly depends on piglet weight and vitality at birth. Our aim was to identify a set of biological variables explaining individual variations in colostrum intake, preweaning growth and risk of dying. Farrowing traits, morphological traits and colostrum intake were determined for 504 piglets born alive from 37 Landrace  Large White sows. A subset of 203 of these piglets was used to measure plasma neonatal concentrations of metabolites and hormones in blood collected from the umbilical cord at birth. From univariate analyses, we established that colostrum intake was positively associated with plasma neonatal concentrations of IGF-I, albumin, thyroid hormones (P < 0.001), and non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0.05), and was negatively associated with concentrations of lactate (P < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis, the variables explaining the variation in colostrum intake were piglet birth weight and rectal temperature 1 h after birth (positive effect, P < 0.001), time of birth after the onset of parturition, and fructose plasma concentrations at birth (negative effects, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Piglets that died within 3 days after birth had lower neonatal concentrations of albumin (P < 0.001), IGF-I and thyroxine (P < 0.01) than surviving piglets. Preweaning growth was positively associated with neonatal concentrations of IGF-I, thyroxine (P < 0.001), albumin and insulin (P < 0.05). Cortisol and glucose concentrations at birth were not related to colostrum intake, neonatal survival or preweaning growth. Multivariable analyses confirmed that colostrum intake was the predominant factor influencing piglet survival within 3 days after birth and preweaning growth. These results provide physiological indicators of piglet colostrum intake, besides birth weight. They also confirm the impact of time of birth during farrowing on colostrum intake and the crucial importance of physiological maturity at birth for postnatal adaptation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hélène Quesnel) 09 Jun 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04123407
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[hal-04093034] First insights into the dynamic protein changes in goat Semitendinosus muscle during the post-mortem period using high-throughput proteomics
Proteomics plays a key and insightful role in meat research in the post-genomic era. This study aimed to unveil using a shotgun proteomics approach the temporal dynamic changes in early post-mortem proteome of goat Semitendinosus muscle. Therefore, the evolution and comparison of the muscle proteome over three post-mortem times (1, 8, and 24 h) was assessed. The temporal proteomics profiling quantified 748 proteins, from which 174 were differentially abundant (DAPs): n = 55 between 1 h versus 8 h, n = 52 between 8 h versus 24 h, and n = 154 between 1 h versus 24 h. The DAPs belong to myriad interconnected pathways. Binding, transport and calcium homeostasis, as well as muscle contraction and structure, exhibited an equivalent contribution during post-mortem, demonstrating their central role. Catalytic, metabolism and ATP metabolic process, and proteolysis were active pathways from the first hours of animal bleeding. Conversely, oxidative stress, response to hypoxia and cell redox homeostasis along chaperones and heat shock proteins accounted for the large proportion of the biochemical processes, more importantly after 8 h post-mortem. Overall, the conversion of muscle into meat is largely orchestrated by energy production as well as mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis through calcium and permeability transition regulation. The study further evidenced the role of ribosomal proteins in goat post-mortem muscle, signifying that several proteins experiencing changes during storage, also undergo splicing modifications, which is for instance a mechanism known for mitochondrial proteins. Overall, temporal proteomics profiling of early post-mortem muscle proteome offers an unparalleled view of the sophisticated post-mortem biochemical and proteolytic events associated with goat meat quality determination.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Melisa Lamri) 07 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04093034
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[hal-03930868] The effects of spring feeding strategy on pasture productivity, sward quality, and animal performance within intensive pasture-based dairy systems
The objective of this research was to evaluate how different feeding strategies based on various pasture availability (PA) treatments within intensive seasonal production systems affected pasture production and utilization, sward quality, and the milk production, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of dairy cows. The performance data were obtained from a 3-yr experiment conducted previously (2018–2020, inclusive). In total, records from 208 spring-calving dairy cows were available for analysis. The animals were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 PA grazing treatments in spring that varied in average pasture cover (measured as herbage mass available above 3.5 cm) that was established via different pasture management strategies in the previous autumn. Thus, the opening average pasture cover across all paddocks on February 1 was 1,100 kg of dry matter (DM)/ha for high pasture availability (HPA), 880 for medium pasture availability (MPA), and 650 for low pasture availability (LPA), respectively. The measurements were taken over an 8-wk period during the first grazing rotation in spring, commencing on February 16 (±2 d) and finishing when all paddocks were grazed once on April 12 (±5 d). Paddocks that were part of the HPA treatment showed the highest pregrazing herbage masses and pregrazing sward heights (1,645 kg of DM/ha and 8.2 cm, respectively) compared with MPA (1,412 kg of DM/ha and 7.5 cm, respectively) and LPA (1,170 kg of DM/ha and 6.9 cm, respectively). Owing to the differences in PA, daily herbage allowance was greatest for HPA (11.7 kg of DM/cow), intermediate for MPA (10.2 kg of DM/cow), and lowest for LPA (8.8 kg of DM/cow), with the remaining feed deficit composed of additional daily grass silage supplementation (0.8, 1.5, and 2.8 kg of DM/cow for HPA, MPA, and LPA, respectively), while the daily concentrate and daily total feed allowance were equal between treatments during spring (2.7 and 15.0 kg of DM/cow). Despite salient differences in fresh pasture used, complementing pasture intake with grass silage did not affect daily or cumulative milk, solids-corrected milk, fat, or protein yield or milk constituents. Similarly, BW and BCS were also unaffected by PA treatment. The results highlight the importance of high spring pasture utilization and grazing efficiency achievable with higher pregrazing herbage masses, which also allow larger animal intakes from grazed pasture as the cheapest feed source during spring. Moreover, targeting an adequate pasture supply at the commencement of calving increases the grazing days per hectare and lowers the requirement for supplementary feed on farm, particularly when facing increasing variability in climatic conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (S.H. Evers) 09 Jan 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03930868
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[hal-04064637] Autophagy modulation in primary culture of porcine satellite cells
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway with a role in the turnover of cell components via self-digestion. Over the past decade, it has been recognised as an essential process to maintain cellular and energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to this process in farm animals. In pigs, the role of autophagy in skeletal muscle homeostasis and more specifically on the formation of multinucleated muscle fibres needs to be determined. Primary culture of satellite cells, the resident muscle stem cells, is an appropriate model to investigate macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), the main autophagy process. The objective of the current study was to evaluate tools to monitor autophagy in this cell model and to specify the role of autophagy on cell differentiation. Samples of longissimus muscle were collected from 3- to 4-day-old piglets. After isolation, satellite cells were plated in growth medium, allowed to proliferate up to 80% confluence and then placed in an appropriate culture medium to differentiate into myotubes. Cells were explored from day 0 to day 3 of differentiation. Autophagy-related proteins and Adenosine Mono Phosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a major sensor for cell energy, were detected by Western blotting. Expression of genes related to autophagy were also quantified by qPCR. The Microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3β forms ratio increased during cell differentiation whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and sequestosome 1 proteins decreased significantly. Mitochondrial protein expression also decreased significantly with satellite cell differentiation. Then, cell treatment with an inhibitor of autophagy flux, Bafilomycin A1, confirmed that autophagy was activated during the conversion of myoblasts into myotubes along with AMPK activation in our satellite cell culture model. In conclusion, we provided tools for porcine autophagy investigation in tissues or cells and demonstrated that basal autophagy and energy metabolism are concomitantly modulated during porcine myogenesis in vitro.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Annie Vincent) 11 Apr 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04064637
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[hal-03957506] Administration of procaine-based local anaesthetic prior to surgical castration influences post-operative behaviours of piglets
In an effort to mitigate piglet acute responses to surgical castration, the procedure can be preceded by injections of a local anaesthetic. Regardless of potential benefits at castration, the impact of local anaesthetics on piglet welfare following the procedure remains under-documented. The present paper is based on data collected in two separate castration studies investigating the impact of injection with procaine, using different injection methods, different volumes of injected drug and different timing of injection, on behavioural responses of 3–4 day old piglets, as measured by indicators of social motivation immediately after castration (Study 1 and 2), as well as behaviours recorded continuously for 10 min upon return to the home pen (Study 2 only). Study 1 involved 597 piglets, and 13 treatments: castration without anaesthesia (CC), local anaesthesia followed by castration involving all combinations of two methods of injection (intra-funicular and intra-testicular) and four intervals between injection and castration (2.5, 5, 10 and 30 min), and sham handling separated by the same four intervals (SH). Study 2 involved 290 piglets and 5 treatments: castration without anaesthesia (CC), castration after intra-testicular injections of 0.5 or 0.3 mL of procaine per testis, and sham handling with either one (SH1) or two stays in a castration bench (SH2). Across both studies, piglets injected with procaine showed signs of reduced motivation to approach their siblings in the social motivation test compared to controls castrated without anaesthesia or sham handled. The indicators of social motivation did not differ from the controls in case of castration 30 min after drug injection. In addition, responses shown in the social motivation test were less impacted after injection of 0.3 compared to 0.5 mL of procaine per testis. In Study 2, piglets injected with 0.5 mL of procaine appeared to be less active at the udder, and displayed more huddled up postures, immediately upon return to the home pen, as compared to piglets injected with 0.3 mL of procaine or the controls castrated without anaesthesia or sham handled. Altogether, the results suggest that injections with a procaine-based local anaesthetic negatively impact the responses of piglets in a test of social motivation as well as the home-pen behaviour of piglets in the early post-operative period. The present results call for attention towards the post-surgical phase, but understanding the potential welfare impacts as well as the motivational changes underlying these findings require further study.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathilde Coutant) 26 Jan 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03957506
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[hal-04197737] Effect of the supplementation with a combination of plant extracts on sow and piglet performance and physiology during lactation and around weaning
Weaning is a critical period for pigs. Some plant extracts showing antioxidant, antiinflammatory or anti-bacterial properties, provided to piglets and/or their dam, may improve piglets’ robustness at weaning, thus reducing the need for antobiotics. This study investigated the effects of a maternal and/or a direct supplementation of piglets with a combination of plant extracts on sow and piglet performance and their metabolic, immune, inflammatory and oxidative status during lactation and around weaning. Sixty-four sows were assigned to the control or treated group. Treated sows were supplemented with a powdered plant extracts supplement daily top-dressed on feed from day of gestation (DG) 106 to day of lactation (DL) 28 and a liquid solution top-dressed on feed on DG109. Within each sow group, litters were divided into two groups: a control piglet group and a treated piglet group. A single dose of a liquid solution was orally given to piglets in the treated piglet group. Piglets were weaned on DL28. Blood samples were collected from sows on DG94, DG112 and DL26 and from 2 piglets per litter on DL3, DL14, DL25 and 5 d post-weaning to analyze indicators of metabolic, immune, inflammatory and oxidative status. Colostrum and milk samples were collected at farrowing, DL6 and 26. Maternal supplementation had no effect on sow metabolic, immune, inflammatory and oxidative status except for fewer lymphocytes on DG112 (P < 0.05) and a lower plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids on DL26 (P < 0.05). Maternal supplementation tended to decrease dry matter and gross energy (P < 0.10) and reduced fat and haptoglobin concentrations (P < 0.01) in milk on DL26. Maternal supplementation had no effect on piglets’ growth performance and blood indicators during lactation and around weaning. On DL25, the direct supplementation of piglets decreased their neutrophils proportion (P < 0.05), increased the expression of genes encoding pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole blood culture in response to LPS (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease the oxidative stress index (P = 0.06). After weaning, these beneficial effects were no longer observed but the supplementation improved piglets’ growth performance during the post-weaning period (P < 0.05). Plant extract supplementation could thus modify the composition of mammary secretions and improve post-weaning performance of piglets potentially related to the modification of their immune and oxidative status before weaning.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucile Herve) 06 Sep 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04197737
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[hal-04195357] In-depth characterization of the sarcoplasmic muscle proteome changes in lambs fed with hazelnut skin by-products: Relationships with meat color
This study investigated the effect of agro-industrial hazelnut skin by-products supplementation on lamb meat color variation and the changes in the sarcoplasmic muscle proteome during post-mortem storage (0, 4 and 7 days). Gel-based proteomics and bioinformatics approaches were applied to better understand the potential role of feeding strategies in modulating the mechanisms underpinning meat discoloration and post-mortem changes during storage. Therefore, twenty-two Valle del Belice male lambs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: control (C), lambs fed with maize-barley diet, and hazelnut skin (H), lambs fed hazelnut skin by-product as maize partial replacer in the concentrate diet. Hazelnut dietary treatment led to better lamb meat color stability as evidenced by the lowest decrease in redness and saturation index values. Proteomics and bioinformatics results revealed changes in the abundance of 41 proteoforms, which were mainly involved in glycolytic processes, responses to oxidative stress, and immune and endocrine system. The proteins allowed revealing interconnected pathways to be behind meat color variation as a consequence of using hazelnut skin by-products to sustainable feed lamb. The proteins can be used as potential predictors of lamb meat color variation. Accordingly, the regression equations developed in this paper revealed triosephosphate isomerase (TPI1) as a reliable candidate biomarker of color stability in lamb meat.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antonella della Malva) 04 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04195357
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[hal-04236029] Drinking water intake, milk production, and grazing behaviour of alpine dairy goats in response to daytime water restriction on temperate pastures
Certain local breeds of goats have adapted to severe water restriction in arid and semi-arid regions, but little is known about the adaptability of high-producing dairy goats to water restriction while grazing under temperate conditions. The aim of this study was to assess effects of water restriction of lactating Alpine goats during the daytime at pasture (8 h/d) on herd-level drinking water intake and individual milk production and grazing time. Goats remained in the barn between evening and morning milkings, where each animal was offered 600 g of concentrate and 400 g of hay each day, with free access to water. Twenty four goats were used in a crossover design, for two consecutive 14-d periods. The study was conducted in early summer, with a daily mean ambient temperature of 18.2 ± 3.5 °C (range of 13–27 °C over all the study days), a mean temperature-humidity index of 64 ± 4.9 (range of 56–76). Goats had access to a high-quality multispecies pasture with a mean of 216 ± 44 g DM/kg fresh matter. Total drinking water intake averaged 5.57 L/d and did not differ significantly between treatments. Goats with water access at pasture drank a mean of 1.88 L of water per day during the grazing period, but drank 2.24 L less per day in the barn than goats without water access at pasture. Drinking water intake increased by 0.57 L per day for each °C increase in daily mean ambient temperature. Daily milk production, milk composition, body weight, and daily grazing time did not differ between treatments. Only the duration of the first morning meal at pasture differed significantly between treatments. Thus, water restriction for 8 h per day during grazing periods does not seem to influence the variables measured for Alpine dairy goats under temperate conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marjolaine Lemoine) 10 Oct 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04236029
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[hal-04304335] Small networks of expressed genes in the whole blood and relationships to profiles in circulating metabolites provide insights in inter-individual variability of feed efficiency in growing pigs
BackgroundFeed efficiency is a research priority to support a sustainable meat production. It is recognized as a complex trait that integrates multiple biological pathways orchestrated in and by various tissues. This study aims to determine networks between biological entities to explain inter-individual variation of feed efficiency in growing pigs.ResultsThe feed conversion ratio (FCR), a measure of feed efficiency, and its two component traits, average daily gain and average daily feed intake, were obtained from 47 growing pigs from a divergent selection for residual feed intake and fed high-starch or high-fat high-fiber diets during 58 days. Datasets of transcriptomics (60 k porcine microarray) in the whole blood and metabolomics (H-1-NMR analysis and target gas chromatography) in plasma were available for all pigs at the end of the trial. A weighted gene co- expression network was built from the transcriptomics dataset, resulting in 33 modules of co-expressed molecular probes. The eigengenes of eight of these modules were significantly (P <= 0.05) or tended to be (0.05 < P <= 0.10) correlated to FCR. Great homogeneity in the enriched biological pathways was observed in these modules, suggesting co-expressed and co-regulated constitutive genes. They were mainly enriched in genes participating to immune and defense-related processes, and to a lesser extent, to translation, cell development or learning. They were also generally associated with growth rate and percentage of lean mass. In the whole network, only one module composed of genes participating to the response to substances, was significantly associated with daily feed intake and body adiposity. The plasma profiles in circulating metabolites and in fatty acids were summarized by weighted linear combinations using a dimensionality reduction method. Close association was thus found between a module composed of co-expressed genes participating to T cell receptor signaling and cell development process in the whole blood and related to FCR, and the circulating concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma.ConclusionThese systemic approaches have highlighted networks of entities driving key biological processes involved in the phenotypic difference in feed efficiency between animals. Connecting transcriptomics and metabolic levels together had some additional benefits.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Camille Juigné) 28 May 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04304335
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[hal-04186616] Extrusion of lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars: Effects on the formation of Maillard reaction compounds, partition of nitrogen and Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine, and performance of dairy cows
The extrusion of leguminous seeds induces the formation of Maillard reaction compounds (MRC) as a product of protein advanced glycation and oxidation, which lowers protein degradability in the rumen. However, the quantitative relationship between the parameters of pretreatment (i.e., addition of reducing sugars) and extrusion, and the formation of MRC has not been established yet. Moreover, the fate of the main stable MRC, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), in the excretory routes has never been investigated in ruminants. We aimed to test the effects of the temperature of extrusion of white lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars on the formation of MRC, crude protein (CP) degradability in the rumen, N use efficiency for milk production (milk N/N intake), and performance of dairy cows. Two experiments with a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design were conducted simultaneously with 16 (3 rumen-cannulated) multiparous Holstein cows to measure indicators of ruminal CP degradability (ruminal NH3 concentration, branched-chain volatile fatty acids), metabolizable protein supply (plasma essential AA concentration), N use efficiency (N isotopic discrimination), and dairy performance. In parallel, apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibers, N, total Lys and CML, and partition of N and CML were measured with 4 cows in both experiments. The diets consisted on a DM basis of 20% raw or extruded lupines and 80% basal mixed ration of corn silage, silage and hay from permanent grasslands, pelleted concentrate, and a vitaminized mineral mix. Expected output temperatures of lupine extrusion were 115°C, 135°C, and 150°C, without and with the addition of reducing sugars before extrusion. The extrusion numerically reduced the in vitro ruminal CP degradability of the lupines, and consequently increased the predicted supply of CP to the small intestine. Nitrogen balance and urinary N excretion did not differ among dietary treatments in either experiment. Milk yield and N use efficiency for milk production increased with extrusion of lupines at 150°C without addition of reducing sugars compared with raw lupines. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination between dietary and animal proteins (the difference between δ15N in plasma and δ15N in the diet) were lower with lupines extruded at 150°C without and with addition of reducing sugars. Regardless of sugar addition, milk true protein yield was not affected, but milk urea concentration and fat:protein ratio were lower with lupines extruded at 150°C than with raw lupines. In the CML partition study, we observed that on average 26% of the apparently digested CML was excreted in urine, and a much lower proportion (0.63% on average) of the apparently digested CML was secreted in milk, with no differences among dietary treatments. In conclusion, we showed that the extrusion of white lupines without or with addition of reducing sugars numerically reduced enzymatic CP degradability, with limited effects on N partition, but increased milk yield and N use efficiency at the highest temperature of extrusion without addition of reducing sugars.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (E. Manzocchi) 01 Apr 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04186616
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[hal-04087298] Les prairies pour répondre aux multiples enjeux de l'élevage
Face aux nombreuses crises affectant l’élevage (écologiques, climatiques, économiques, sociétales,…), les prairies contribuent à fournir une réponse positive et reconnue pour consolider l’élevage des herbivores. Cet article met en évidence les atouts des prairies et les perspectives de travail, au regard de l’évolution des enjeux associés à l’élevage. Les connaissances sur le fonctionnement des prairies et leur gestion ont fortement progressé. Leurs intérêts environnementaux, pour la santé des animaux, en termes de qualité nutritionnelle et organoleptique des produits animaux ou de résilience face aux aléas climatiques et économiques sont intéressants. Ces éléments devraient nous inciter à conforter, voire accroitre dans certaines zones et certains systèmes, leur place dans des élevages ruminants durables de demain et acceptables par la société.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Audrey A. Michaud) 03 May 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04087298
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[hal-04199873] The color of fresh pork: Consumers expectations, underlying farm-to-fork factors, myoglobin chemistry and contribution of proteomics to decipher the biochemical mechanisms
The color of fresh pork is a crucial quality attribute that significantly influences consumer perception and purchase decisions. This review first explores consumer expectations and discrimination regarding pork color, as well as an overview of the underlying factors that, from farm-to-fork, contribute to its variation. Understanding the husbandry factors, peri- and post-mortem factors and consumer preferences is essential for the pork industry to meet market demands effectively. This review then delves into current knowledge of pork myoglobin chemistry, its modifications and pork discoloration. Pork myoglobin, which has certain peculiarities comparted to other meat species, plays a weak role in determining pork color, and a thorough understanding of the biochemical changes it undergoes is crucial to understand and improve color stability. Furthermore, the growing role of proteomics as a high-throughput approach and its application as a powerful research tool in meat research, mainly to decipher the biochemical mechanisms involved in pork color determination and identify protein biomarkers, are highlighted. Based on an integrative muscle biology approach, the available proteomics studies on pork color have enabled us to provide the first repertoire of pork color biomarkers, to shortlist and propose a list of proteins for evaluation, and to provide valuable insights into the interconnected biochemical processes implicated in pork color determination. By highlighting the contributions of proteomics in elucidating the biochemical mechanisms underlying pork color determination, the knowledge gained hold significant potential for the pork industry to effectively meet market demands, enhance product quality, and ensure consistent and appealing pork color.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mohammed Gagaoua) 08 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04199873
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[hal-04369504] Poultry meat quality preservation by plant extracts: an overview
Poultry meat is appreciated by consumers for its nutritional value, low fat content, versatility of use in various cuisines and affordable prices. However, its susceptibility to spoilage due to multiple pre‑slaughter and processing factors poses challenges for the meat industry, especially in developing countries. To improve the safety of poultry products, synthetic preservatives like nitrites, butylated hydroxytoluene and sulphites are used. Currently, these additives / preservatives have, however, raised concerns about their impact on human health, prompting a shift from consumers toward natural alternatives, such as medicinal and aromatic plants. Therefore, this paper delves into the potential of plant extracts as natural preservatives for improving the quality and shelf‑life of chicken meat and processed products. It provides an overview of the various plant extracts and essential oils that have demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties, without compromising the sensory attributes of the products. Different incorporation methods are discussed, including direct incorporation or marination in aqueous and/or alcoholic extracts, and the use of essential oils, including for in vivo animal feed supplementation. Overall, each method influences the final product quality differently. We further summarised the current knowledge about the mechanisms of action of the plant extracts tested, even though they are not fully elucidated. Despite the benefits of these compounds, some challenges have to be addressed, including standardising the composition of the extracts, harmonising the sensitivity of the bioactive compounds with the processing conditions, ensuring cost effectiveness and obtaining regulatory approvals for their use. The scaling up of production to meet industry demands also presents some technical challenges. Overall, the application of natural plant preservatives not only enhances chicken meat quality, but also could support the meat industry to align with the evolving consumer expectations for sustainable food products.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Ines Feknous) 02 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04369504
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[hal-04261526] Proteomics as an emerging tool in equine meat research: an overview
Proteomics tools in the field of equine meat research have been very recently applied to explore the changes in the post‑mortem muscle proteome and to discover biomarkers to monitor the variations in its different meat quality traits. The current advances achieved by proteomics in equine meat research are reviewed. Different proteomics techniques (sodium dodecyl sulphate‑polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; two‑dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; fluorescent two‑dimensional difference gel electrophoresis; targeted proteomics; tandem‑mass tag labeled proteomics; data‑independent analysis proteomics) have been applied in the study of the equine muscle/meat. The studies revealed the biochemical pathways involved in the development of several donkey and horse (foal) meat quality variation. The current knowledge would be useful to develop high‑quality products.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antonella Della Malva) 27 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04261526
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[hal-04236303] Current innovative approaches in reducing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in processed meat and meat products
The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in processed meat and meat products is a global concern as they are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and genotoxic to living beings. PAHs are generated in processed meat through different thermo-processing techniques, such as smoking, grilling, barbecuing, roasting, and frying, which involve abnormal high-temperature treatments and extruded fuels. These carbonaceous compounds with two or more cyclic benzene rings are highly stable and toxic, and their generation is enhanced by faulty thermal processing techniques, contaminated raw materials, and environmental pollution. Based on their degree of toxicity, Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is recognized as the most probable human carcinogen among different fractions of PAHs by the European Commission Regulation (EC-No.1881/2006). Furthermore, the association between dietary PAHs exposures and their role as carcinogen in human beings has been reported clinically. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on prevention and control of PAHs formation in processed meat products through various strategies to avert public health concerns and safety issues. Accordingly, several approaches have been used to reduce the risk of PAHs formation by employing safe processing systems, harmless cooking methods, marination by natural plant components, use of biological methods etc. to eliminate or reduce the harmful effects of PAHs in the food system. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the occurrence and formation of PAHs in meat and meat products and their toxicological effects on human beings. Furthermore, the different cost-effective and environment friendly methods that have been employed as “green strategies” to mitigate PAHs in meat and meat products at both household and commercial levels are discussed.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Arun Das) 10 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04236303
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[hal-03901379] An evaluation of detailed animal characteristics influencing the lactation production efficiency of spring-calving, pasture-based dairy cattle
Selection for feed efficiency, the ratio of output (e.g., milk yield) to feed intake, has traditionally been limited on commercial dairy farms by the necessity for detailed individual animal intake and performance data within large animal populations. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of individual animal characteristics (animal breed, genetic potential, milk production, body weight (BW), daily total dry matter intake (TDMI), and energy balance) on a cost-effective production efficiency parameter calculated as the annual fat and protein (milk solids) production per unit of mid-lactation BW (MSperBWlact). A total of 1,788 individual animal intake records measured at various stages of lactation (early, mid, and late lactation) from 207 Holstein-Friesian and 200 Jersey × Holstein-Friesian cows were used. The derived efficiency traits included daily kilograms of milk solids produced per 100 kg of BW (dMSperBWint) and daily kilograms of milk solids produced per kilogram of TDMI (dMSperTDMI). The TDMI per 100 kg of BW was also calculated (TDMI/BWint) at each stage of lactation. Animals were subsequently either ranked as the top 25% (Heff) or bottom 25% (Leff) based on their lactation production efficiency (MSperBWlact). Dairy cow breed significantly affected animal characteristics over the entire lactation and during specific periods of intake measurements. Jersey crossbred animals produced more milk, based on a lower TDMI, and achieved an increased intake per kilogram of BW. Similarly, Heff produced more milk over longer lactations, weighed less, were older, and achieved a higher TDMI compared with the Leff animals. Both Jersey × Holstein-Friesian and Heff cows achieved superior production efficiency due to lower maintenance energy requirements, and consequentially increased milk solids production per kilogram of BW and per kilogram of TDMI at all stages of lactation. Indeed, within breed, Heff animals weighed 20 kg less and produced 15% more milk solids over the total lactation than Leff. In addition, Heff achieved increased daily milk solids yield (+0.16 kg) and milk solids yield per kilogram of TDMI (+ 0.23 kg/kg DM) during intake measurement periods. Moreover, the strong and consistently positive correlations between MSperBWlact and detailed production efficiency traits (dMSperBWint, dMSperTDMI) reported here demonstrate that MSperBWlact is a robust measure that can be applied within commercial grazing dairy systems to increase the selection intensity for highly efficient animals.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (S.H. Evers) 15 Dec 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03901379
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[hal-03920179] Combining pig genetic and feeding strategies improves the sensory, nutritional and technological quality of pork in the context of relocation of feed resources
Genetic and feeding factors were combined to improve various quality attributes of pork. Thirty Duroc (D) and thirty Pietrain NN (P) female crossbreeds received a control (C) or an R diet including extruded faba bean and linseed, from 30 to 115 kg. Growth, feed efficiency and slaughter weight were higher for P vs. D pigs and for R vs. C pigs. D pigs had fatter carcasses than P, whereas feeding did not affect carcass fatness. Compared with P, loin meat from D pigs had lower drip, higher ultimate pH and lipid content, and higher marbling, tenderness and juiciness scores (P < 0.05). R feeding did not modify sensory traits but improved pork nutritional value by markedly reducing n-6:n-3 and saturated:n-3 fatty acid ratios (P < 0.001). Combining D genotype and R diet is a favorable strategy for sensory, nutritional, technological properties and societal image of pork through relocation of feed resources, but requires a better market valorization to be implemented.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Bénédicte Lebret) 03 Jan 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03920179
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[hal-03977449] An in vitro and in vivo approach to characterise digesta from pigs fed different forms of pea flour
In vitro models of digestion are useful tools to explore the behaviour of dietary fibre sources in gastrointestinal conditions. In order to evaluate the validity of our digestion model, digesta obtained in vivo and in vitro were characterised and the impact of cell wall integrity on protein bioaccessibility and digestibility evaluated. Six cannulated barrows [Pietrain × (Large White × Landrace)] were included in a 2x2 Latin square design where they were fed two diets identical in chemical composition but differing in nutrient bioaccessibility. Pea was given either as flour (R1, most proteins encapsulated by intact cell walls) or reconstituted flour (R2, mixture of proteins and purified, broken cell walls). Digesta were collected at the duodenal and ileal cannulas at regular interval and after slaughtering, following ingestion of either R1 or R2. The two diets were also digested in vitro using a static gastrointestinal model. The original pea ingredients as well as the digesta collected in vivo and in vitro were characterised (i.e., particle size measurement, microscopy observations and gel electrophoresis) and then compared with each other. The degradation of the pea ingredients differed greatly between the two forms of flour, where particles filled with nutrients were recovered at the latest stage of R1 intestinal digestion as observed with the particle size distribution and the microscopy images. These results were consistent with the in vivo and in vitro digestibility analysis that showed lower protein hydrolysis for R1 than R2 (about 19% difference in protein digestion regardless of the method). Overall, great similarities were found between the digesta collected in vivo and in vitro, especially regarding the particle size measurements. To summarise, a substantial proportion of the proteins contained in R1 was retained within the pea cells following gastrointestinal digestion. These encapsulated proteins reduced the amount of amino acids and small peptides available for absorption. This mechanism will have consequences on postprandial metabolism of amino acids and bacterial population based on the delivery form of the dietary fibre.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Myriam M.-L. Grundy) 16 Mar 2023
https://hal.science/hal-03977449
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[hal-04020965] Towards the discovery of goat meat quality biomarkers using label-free proteomics
This study aimed to identify for the first time protein biomarkers of meat quality traits from Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle of goats (Capra hircus). Male goats of similar age and weight reared under extensive rearing conditions were used to relate the LT muscle proteome with multiple meat quality traits. The early post-mortem muscle proteome analyzed using label-free proteomics was compared among three texture clusters built using hierarchical clustering analysis. Twenty-five proteins were differentially abundant and their mining using bioinformatics revealed three major biological pathways to be involved: 10 muscle structure proteins (MYL1, MYL4, MYLPF, MYL6B, MYH1, MYH2, ACTA1, ACTBL2, FHL1 and MYOZ1); 6 energy metabolism proteins (ALDOA, PGAM2, ATP5F1A, GAPDH, PGM1 and ATP5IF1), and two heat shock proteins: HSPB1 (small) and HSPA8 (large). Seven other miscellaneous proteins belonging to pathways such as regulation, proteolysis, apoptosis, transport and binding, tRNA processing or calmodulin-binding were further identified to play a role in the variability of goat meat quality. The differentially abundant proteins were correlated with the goat meat quality traits in addition to multivariate regression models built to propose the first regression equations of each quality trait. This study is the first to highlight in a multi-trait quality comparison the early post-mortem changes in the goat LT muscle proteome. It also evidenced the mechanisms underpinning the development of several quality traits of interest in goat meat production along the major biochemical pathways at interplay.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Melisa Lamri) 12 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04020965
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[hal-04271916] Egg production in nests and nesting behaviour: genetic correlations with egg quality and BW for laying hens on the floor
In laying hen production, cage-free housing is growing rapidly to provide living conditions that meet hens’ needs. Unlike cages, this housing requires nests for automatic collection of eggs, as eggs laid outside nests must be collected by hand. Selecting hens for nest-related traits, such as egg production in nests and nesting behaviour, could help meet the requirements of cage-free housing. However, genetic correlations between these traits and major traits of breeding programmes, such as egg quality or BW, are poorly known. In addition, the genetic determinism of major traits has rarely been studied under cage-free conditions. The objective of the present study was to estimate the heritability of egg quality and BW measured on the floor and their genetic correlations with nest-related traits. Egg production in nests was based on the laying rate in nests, laying rhythm (clutch number and mean oviposition time), and nest acceptance. Nesting behaviour was based on nest preference (mean distance between nests used for laying) and mean laying duration (time spent in the nest for laying). Nest-related traits were recorded from 24 to 64 weeks of age. BW and egg quality were measured at 50 and 55 weeks of age, respectively. Nest-related traits and identification of the eggs laid by each hen (for individual measurements of egg quality) were obtained using individual electronic nests used by hens raised in groups and on the floor. The phenotypes of 1 455 Rhode Island Red and 1 538 White Leghorn hens were analysed. Heritability coefficients and genetic correlations were estimated using a multi-trait animal model for each line. Heritability estimates for egg quality and BW were moderate to high for both lines (0.17–0.74). Overall, weak genetic correlations were estimated between nest-related traits and egg quality or BW for both lines. However, strong and antagonistic genetic correlations were estimated between eggshell strength and laying rate in the nests (−0.46 to −0.42) or laying rhythm (+0.46 to +0.68) for both lines. Several moderate-to-strong genetic correlations were found for White Leghorn between nest-related traits and egg weight, eggshell shape, albumen height, and BW. This study shows that nest-related traits can be used to select hens better adapted to cage-free housing without degrading overall egg quality and BW. It also shows that some traits, like the eggshell strength, must be carefully monitored if these new traits are included in breeding goals. These results must now be confirmed for other populations and larger datasets.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (L. Bécot) 28 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04271916
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[hal-03965662] Apparent jejunal amino acid digestibility, gut morphology, and the expression of intestinal amino acid transporters in pigs fed protein or free amino acids
Dietary amino acids (AA) supplied as protein or in free form are digested and absorbed at different rates, but can also induce differences in the intestinal physiology of pigs. We compared the apparent jejunal AA digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gene expression of AA transporters of pigs fed diets providing different forms of AA. Thirty growing pigs (33.7 ± 4.1 kg) were fed one of three experimental diets that provided AA either as protein from feather meal (INT), as free AA and small peptides obtained by extensive acid hydrolysis of feathers (HYD), or as a mix of individual purified AA with the same AA profile as HYD (FAA). Pigs were fed the same quantity of feed, energy, and AA. After 14 days, pigs were slaughtered 3 h after feeding a meal with indigestible markers. Digesta and tissue were collected from different sections of the small intestine. Jejunal digesta was used to measure apparent jejunal digestibility of AA. Samples of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were used to measure intestinal morphology and the gene expression of intestinal AA transporters. The measured apparent jejunal digestibility of AA of INT was lower compared to HYD and FAA (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent jejunal digestibility of Cys, Gly, His, Met, and Pro was lower for FAA compared to HYD (P &lt; 0.05). This may be due to the small peptides in HYD, which are absorbed faster than individual AA. The villi area in the ileum of HYD fed pigs was the highest (P &lt; 0.05) among the treatments, which may be associated with the reabsorption of endogenous proteins, which occurs mostly in the ileum. In the duodenum, HYD and FAA had lower expression of PepT1 (P &lt; 0.01) probably due to the rapid transit time of digesta compared to INT fed pigs. Pigs fed HYD expressed more ASCT2 (P = 0.02) and CAT-1 (P = 0.04) in the jejunum compared to the pigs fed the other diets. The expression of these transporters along the intestine depended on the relative abundance of readily absorbable dietary AA. Results showed that dietary AA form can have an influence on the morphology and on the expression of different AA transporters along the different sections of the small intestine.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Francis Amann Eugenio) 06 May 2024
https://hal.science/hal-03965662
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[hal-03875179] A proteomic approach to identify biomarkers of foal meat quality: A focus on tenderness, color and intramuscular fat traits
Foal meat is considered a healthy alternative to other meat sources and more environmentally sustainable. However, its quality is highly variable and there is lack of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying its determination. Genotype and diet play a relevant role as the main factors that can allow a control of the final quality and the use of high-throughput analytical methods such as proteomics is a way to achieve this lofty goal. This research aimed to study-two breeds (Burguete and Jaca Navarra) supplemented with two different finishing diets: conventional concentrate and straw (C) vs silage and organic feed (S). The proteomic approach built a library of 294 proteins that were subjected to several statistical and bioinformatic analyses. Burguete breed finished with concentrate produced higher meat quality in terms of tenderness, intramuscular fat and color lightness mainly due to the high abundance of energy metabolic proteins. Tenderness was correlated to myofibrillar proteins (ACTA1, MYBPH, MYL1 and TNNC1) and energy metabolic proteins (ALDOA, CKM, TPI1 and PGMA2). Regarding color, the main pathways were energy metabolism, involving several glycolytic enzymes (ALDOA, PKM, PFKM and CKM). Oxidative stress and response to stress proteins (HSPA1A, SOD2 and PRDX2) were further involved in color variation. Moreover, we revealed that several proteins were related to the intramuscular fat accordingly to the breed. This study proposed several candidate protein biomarkers for foal meat quality that are worthy to evaluate in the future.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (María López-Pedrouso) 28 Nov 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03875179
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[hal-04179736] Muscle proteome of crossbred cattle that received vitamin A at birth: impacts on meat quality traits
This study aimed to evaluate the skeletal muscle proteome of calves that received an intramuscular application of vitamin A at birth and its impacts on meat quality. Forty male crossbred calves were used from birth to feedlot finishing. On the day of birth, 20 calves were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of 300,000 IU of vitamin A and the other 20 animals received placebo (control). After weaning at 210 days, the animals of the two treatments were feedlot finished for 180 days. Longissimus muscle samples were collected for proteome analysis and meat quality assessment. There was a trend (P = 0.07) towards more tender meat in animals that received vitamin A compared to control (WBSF = 3.92 ± 0.16 kg vs. 4.23 ± 0.15). Meat color, pH and cooking loss were not affected (P > 0.05). Vitamin A treatment resulted in a more than 50% increase in intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.05) compared to control (4.10 ± 0.35% vs. 2.57 ± 0.27%). The intramuscular injection of vitamin A affected the post-mortem muscle proteome and the protein-protein interactions. A greater abundance of proteins involved in three main pathways were observed these being energy metabolism (GAPDH, ENO3, TPI1, CKM, and COX5A), muscle contraction (ACTB, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2, ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTN1, ACTN2, ACTN3, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, MYH1, PDLIM3, and TNNT3), protein binding, transport, and signaling (TUBA4A, VIM, TBA1B, and EEF1A2). A greater abundance of oxidative stress and cellular defense proteins (HSPA8 and DNAJC18) was specifically observed in the control treatment. Vitamin A upregulated key biological processes related to energy metabolism, which favored IMF accumulation during the finishing phase.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rayssa Scapol) 11 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04179736
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[hal-04157753] Les approches complémentaires à l'expérimentation animale en agronomie et clinique vétérinaire : solutions et limites
Le recours aux modèles animaux en recherche biologique soulève de nombreux questionnements de la société en général mais aussi chez les acteurs même de cette recherche. Au cours des siècles précédents la reconnaissance de l'animal comme un être sensible a pris beaucoup de temps. L' évolution des mentalités de la société depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'à nos jours a permis cette reconnaissance. Le cadre réglementaire de l' expérimentation animale a fortement évolué depuis une vingtaine d'années, associé à une réflexion éthique qui s' est traduite depuis 1990 par la mise en place de comités d' éthique. Des progrès restent encore à faire mais les applications de la Directive européenne de 2010 devraient contribuer encore à l'amélioration de la condition animale en recherche expérimentale. Le but de cette revue est d' exposer les différentes étapes ayant menées à la notion de « conscience animale », définie comme l' expérience subjective que les animaux ont de leur environnement, de leur propre corps et/ou de leurs propres connaissances, et à la nécessité de développer de nouveaux outils permettant de diminuer l' expérimentation animale.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Hélène Perruchot) 10 Jul 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04157753
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[hal-04199735] Effects over time of different types of sounds on gestating sows’ behavior
Noise can alter the behavior and welfare of pigs, although they have good adaptive abilities. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between different regularly emitted sounds and the behavior of gestating sows as well as their potential time of habituation to these sounds. Two groups of gestating sows (n = 15, n = 17) were involved in the experiment over two consecutive weeks. During the first week, (“Base week”), no sound was emitted, while the following week ("Test week") one sound among 40 sounds grouped into 4 types (alarm, animal, metallic, and human) was emitted randomly every 10 min during the observed periods. The sows posture (lying, sitting, standing) and behavior (sleeping, observing, in the automations) were observed thanks to manual video analysis during a resting period (PM: 13:30 h – 18:30 h) and a feeding period (Night: 23:00 h – 04:00 h) on Mondays (for Base and Test weeks – Test1) and on Wednesday (only for Test week – Test2). Sows' location in the different areas of the room, posture, and behaviour were recorded. The sows spent less time sleeping during Test1 than Base but this behavior increased again during Test2. The number of behavior changes increased during Test1 and decreased in Test2. In Test1 during the PM time, the number of area, posture and behavior changes was higher during the emissions of Alarm sounds than during the emission of other sounds, but no difference among the type of sounds was observed during the Night. During the emission of Human sounds in Test2, the sows spent more time sitting and observing, and less time sleeping than with the emission of other sounds. They also changed position more during PM of Test2 with the emission of human sounds. To conclude, frequent emission of short sounds, even below 85 decibels, can reduce to time spent sleeping and cause behavior changes. However, gestating sows can habituate to the sound stimuli and return to normal behavior by the second day of testing. The effects of different types of sounds on sow behavior and posture are not yet fully understood and require further research based on the sounds characteristics.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Charlotte Gaillard) 08 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04199735
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[hal-04284310] MiRNome variations in milk fractions during feed restrictions of different intensities in dairy cows
Background: In dairy cows, diet is one factor that can affect their milk production and composition. However, the effect of feed restriction on milk miRNome has not yet been described. Indeed, milk is the body fluid with the highest RNA concentration, which includes numerous microRNA. Its presence in the four different milk fractions, whole milk, fat globules, mammary epithelial cells and extracellular vesicles, is still poorly documented. This study aimed to describe the effects of different feed restrictions on the miRNome composition of different milk fractions. Results: Two feed restrictions were applied to lactating dairy cows, one of high intensity and one of moderate intensity. 2,896 mature microRNA were identified in the different milk fractions studied, including 1,493 that were already known in the bovine species. Among the 1,096 microRNA that were sufficiently abundant to be informative, the abundance of 1,027 of them varied between fractions: 36 of those were exclusive to one milk fraction. Feed restriction affected the abundance of 155 microRNA, with whole milk and milk extracellular vesicles being the most affected, whereas milk fat globules and exfoliated mammary epithelial cells were little or not affected at all. The high intensity feed restriction led to more microRNA variations in milk than moderate restriction. The target prediction of known microRNA that varied under feed restriction suggested the modification of some key pathways for lactation related to milk fat and protein metabolisms, cell cycle, and stress responses. Conclusions: This study highlighted that the miRNome of each milk fraction is specific, with mostly the same microRNA composition but with variations in abundance between fractions. These specific miRNomes were affected differently by feed restrictions, the intensity of which appeared to be a major factor modulating milk miRNomes. These findings offer opportunities for future research on the use of milk miRNA as biomarkers of energy status in dairy cows, which is affected by feed restrictions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antoine Leduc) 14 Nov 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04284310
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[hal-04210183] Pork quality traits and associated muscle metabolic changes in pigs under chronic prenatal and postnatal heat stress
Chronic heat stress (HS) is a major concern affecting pig growth performance and metabolism, with potential consequences on carcass and meat quality traits. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of prenatal (PE) and growing (GE) thermal environments, and their combination, on muscle metabolism, carcass characteristics, and pork quality. From 6 to 109 d of gestation, 12 sows (1 per block) were kept under thermoneutral (TN) conditions (cyclic 18 to 24 °C; PTN) and 12 sows under chronic HS (cyclic 28 to 34 °C; PHS). Two female offspring per sow were selected based on body weight at weaning, for a total of 48 female pigs (12 blocks of 2 sisters from each PE) and one sister was placed in each GE. Gilts were housed from 82 to 140 d of age under cyclic GTN (18 to 24 °C; n = 24) or GHS (28 to 34 °C; n = 24) environments. Data were analyzed using a mixed model including PE, GE and PE × GE interaction as main effects, and sire, sow within PE, pen within PE × GE, and slaughter day (for plasma, muscle and meat traits) as random effects. No significant PE × GE interaction was found on any trait under study (P ≥ 0.05). Prenatal HS did not affect growth performance and carcass traits (P ≥ 0.05). Compared with GTN, GHS pigs had lower average daily feed intake, average daily gain and hot carcass weight (P &lt; 0.01), but similar carcass lean meat content (P ≥ 0.05). Prenatal HS hard scarce effects on pork quality, with only higher a* and C* values (P &lt; 0.05) in the Gluteus superficialis. Growing HS led to higher pH 24 h (P &lt; 0.05) in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and ham muscles, and higher meat quality index in the ham muscles. In contrast, quality traits of the Semispinalis capitis (SC) were not affected by either PE or GE (P &gt; 0.05). Except a tendency for a higher citrate synthase activity in the SC (P = 0.065), PHS did not affect muscle metabolism. Growing HS induced muscle-specific metabolic responses, with reduced glycolytic potential (P &lt; 0.01) and metabolic enzyme activities (P &lt; 0.05) in the glycolytic LTL, but not in the oxidative SC (P &gt; 0.05). Plasma glucose content at slaughter was lower in the GHS compared with GTN pigs (P = 0.002), indicating an altered energy metabolism in pigs under GHS. Altogether, growing HS altered growth without affecting carcass traits, but improved technological quality of loin and ham. Prenatal HS, alone or combined with GHS, had limited or even no effect on carcass and pork quality.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Bénédicte Lebret) 28 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04210183
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[hal-04197492] Using recombinant superoxide dismutase to control oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract of cyclic heat-stressed pigs
Climate change is associated with an increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, posing a threat of heat stress to pig production. Heat stress compromises the efficiency of pig production partly due to causing oxidative stress, intestinal dysfunction, and inflammatory responses. Superoxide dismutase is an antioxidant enzyme reported to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, this experiment aimed to investigate whether recombinant superoxide dismutase (rSOD) could ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in heat-stressed grower pigs. Sixty-four female pigs (Large White × Landrace, 27.8 ± 1.65 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly allocated to a control diet (standard grower feed, CON) or the control diet supplemented with 50 IU recombinant superoxide dismutase (rSOD) for 14 days. After acclimation to the diet, pigs were then housed under thermoneutral (TN, 20 °C, 35–50% relative humidity) or cyclic heat stress conditions (CHS, at 35 °C: 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. and 28 °C: 5 p.m. to 9 a.m., 35–50% relative humidity) for 3 days. Heat stress increased respiration rate (RR), skin and rectal temperature (RR and RT) (p < 0.001 for all), and reduced plasma thyroid hormone concentration (p < 0.001). The amount of oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) was increased in the jejunum and ileum of CHS pigs. In the jejunum, rSOD also increased the amount of oxidized glutathione in both TN and CHS pigs, without any change in endogenous SOD activity. In the ileum, rSOD prevented increases in oxidized glutathione formation in the CHS pigs only. Taken together, this may reflect increased oxidative stress in both the jejunum and ileum in CHS pigs. Alternatively, rSOD increased the conversion of reduced to oxidized glutathione independently of CHS, possibly reflecting an increased overall SOD activity due to the addition of exogenous SOD. In conclusion, the use of in-feed SOD enzymes at a dose of 50 IU/kg may be a useful strategy for preventing oxidative stress in pigs.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hieu Huu Le) 06 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04197492
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[hal-03876258] Association between body condition genomic values and feed intake, milk production, and body weight in French Holstein cows
Body condition score (BCS) offers a good estimate of the amount of stored fat on the body, and its variations can be used as a proxy for energy balance. Many countries have implemented a genomic evaluation of BCS, including France, where estimated breeding values are based on an individual BCS determination during the first lactation. In this article, we investigate the degree to which this genomic estimated breeding value based on a single phenotype record per cow might reflect different profiles of body reserves throughout lactation and be used to predict, and perhaps limit, their mobilization during early lactation. We also investigate whether selection on BCS affects other traits. A data set including 686 lactations of 435 Holstein cows from 3 experimental farms not used in the reference population for genomic evaluation was used to estimate the effects of the BCS direct genomic value (iBCS) on BCS, body weight, feed intake, milk production, and fat and protein contents throughout the lactation period. For each trait, the model included different iBCS regressions and an effect of the direct genomic value of the trait itself when available. It thus appeared that cows with a positive iBCS always had a higher BCS than negative iBCS cows, whatever the lactation stage, and that this difference increased during the first 6 mo to reach a difference of 0.8 point. A similar effect was seen regarding body weight, but it was the opposite for milk production, with negative iBCS cows producing slightly more milk (difference of about 3% over lactation). Feed intake increased slightly faster at the beginning of lactation for cows with positive iBCS. Therefore, iBCS is a promising tool that could help to limit intense mobilization during early lactation. Should feed efficiency be included in the breeding goal, greater attention should be paid to BCS to avoid further body mobilization in early lactation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Rachel Lefebvre) 28 Nov 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03876258
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[hal-04001621] Targeting environmental and technical parameters through eco-efficiency criteria for iberian pig farms in the dehesa ecosystem
Eco-efficiency could be defined as the simultaneous ability to achieve acceptable economic results with the least possible environmental degradation. Its analysis in crop and livestock production systems has become a hot topic among politicians and scientists. Pig pasture production systems are in high commercial demand because they are associated with high quality and environmentally friendly products. This work aimed to assess the eco-efficiency of pig farms and subsequently explore the determinants of inefficiency in the dehesa ecosystem in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Farmers from 35 randomly selected farms were interviewed to obtain farm-level data. The eco-efficiency level was calculated through a joined data envelopment analysis (DEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Subsequently, a truncated Tobit model was applied to determine factors associated with inefficiency. The results of the research revealed that Iberian pig farms are highly eco-efficient. The estimated average eco-efficiency score is 0.919 and ranges from 0.479 to 1, suggesting that the average farm could increase its value by about 8.1%. This means that the aggregate environmental pressures could be reduced by approximately this proportion (8%) while maintaining the same input level. The determinants related to social and demographic characteristics that positively affected eco-efficiency were the number of children, while years of farm activity and educational level had a negative effect. On the other hand, farm’s characteristics and the type of management, the percentage of own surface area, the percentage of livestock use, and the high proportion of pigs fattened in montanera, positively affected the eco-efficiency level.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Javier García-Gudiño) 23 Feb 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04001621
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[hal-04000680] Feed restriction as a tool for further studies describing the mechanisms underlying lipolysis in milk in dairy cows
Milk lipolysis is defined as the hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are the main component of milk fat. Short-chain fatty acids (FAs) released in milk are responsible for rancid flavour. In addition, the presence of partial glycerides impairs the functional properties of milk, such as foaming and creaming abilities. Milk lipolysis, a key criterion used to assess milk quality, depends on animal parameters and breeding factors. Low-energy diets are associated with higher levels of spontaneous lipolysis, particularly in late lactation. In this study, dairy cows were fed a restricted diet (i.e. 65% of their ad libitum DM intake (DMI)) to induce spontaneous lipolysis in milk and to study milk composition associated with lipolysis. Two groups of 22 cows each received a control diet (100% of ad libitum DMI) or the restricted diet according to a 2 x 2 crossover design. The restricted diet was fed for five days. As expected, feed restriction increased milk spontaneous lipolysis which was associated with an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity. At the same time, milk yield and protein content decreased and no effect was observed on milk fat content. The increase in spontaneous lipolysis was associated with an increase in milk fat globules diameter, without influencing casein micelles diameter. Feed restriction altered the parameters of dairy cow metabolism, with increases in plasma non-esterified FAs, triglycerides and urea, indicating body fat mobilisation and protein catabolism associated with feed restriction. Feed restriction also altered hormonal parameters, with decreases in plasma insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and prolactin. As expected, lipolysis was higher in evening milk and was associated with a larger diameter of milk fat globules. This zootechnical approach will be completed with proteomic, lipidomic and transcriptomic studies of milk and/or mammary gland of animals selected for their extreme lipolysis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Catherine Hurtaud) 22 Feb 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04000680
